In face of the critical endurance issue, for the first time we take a holistic perspective to co-optimize the ferroelectric materials and interlayer in FeFET. Compared to the common HZO based gate stack, the novel combination of Hf0.95 Al0.05 O2+Al2 O3 enhances the endurance to $\gt 5 \times 10 ^9$ cycles while maintaining a retention > 10 years. In-depth analysis based on DFT and DQSCV reveal the reduction of interlayer electric field and interface charge trapping as the mechanism of optimization. We also develop a distributed interface trap model to correlate different trapping dynamics with the interlayer property in each device. This work pushes forward the understanding and development of high endurance strategy for FeFET.

Phase transitions can occur in certain materials such as transition metal oxides (TMOs) and chalcogenides when there is a change in external conditions such as temperature and pressure. Along with phase transitions in these phase change materials (PCMs) come dramatic contrasts in various physical properties, which can be engineered to manipulate electrons, photons, polaritons, and phonons at the nanoscale, offering new opportunities for reconfigurable, active nanodevices. In this review, we particularly discuss phase-transition-enabled active nanotechnologies in nonvolatile electrical memory, tunable metamaterials, and metasurfaces for manipulation of both free-space photons and in-plane polaritons, and multifunctional emissivity control in the infrared (IR) spectrum. The fundamentals of PCMs are first introduced to explain the origins and principles of phase transitions. Thereafter, we discuss multiphysical nanodevices for electronic, photonic, and thermal management, attesting to the broad applications and exciting promises of PCMs. Emerging trends and valuable applications in all-optical neuromorphic devices, thermal data storage, and encryption are outlined in the end.

Energy-efficient components that are capable of intelligently regulating room temperature are much demanded to reduce the energy consumption in buildings. In recent years, phase change materials (PCMs) have been widely investigated for intelligent temperature regulation by taking advantages of their unique thermal, optical, and mechanical properties across phase transition. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of PCMs for intelligent temperature regulation, including latent heat, optical modulation, and mechanical deformation. We then discuss the traditional PCMs, such as organic and inorganic PCMs with huge latent heats, and emerging PCMs, such as VO2, for the applications in temperature controls, smart windows, and radiative cooling surfaces. We finally point out where to focus for these PCMs to realize applications in buildings. This review provides insights into future research of PCMs for their intelligent applications.