摘　要: 作为受《蒙特利尔议定书》控制的氟氯化碳(CFCs)和氟氯烃(HCFCs)的替代品,氢氟碳化物(HFCs)由于具有较高的全球增温潜势(GWP)值而在近年受到国际社会的广泛关注。目前部分发达国家已制定并实施相关政策法规控制HFCs的生产、消费和排放,如欧盟的新F-Gas法规以配额管理的方式对HFCs进行总量控制,美国通过新制冷剂替代计划(SNAP)计划筛选替代品及实施禁用年限逐步替代HFCs等。通过分析比较发达国家政策法规的区别和共性,建议中国在未来应将HFCs控制纳入法律法规的管制范畴,并遵循总量控制原则,利用全生命周期管理的手段逐步实现HFCs的排放管控。

Using coupled dynamic substance flow and environmental fate models, CiP-CAFE and BETR-Global, we investigated whether degradation of side-chain fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTPs), mostly in waste stocks (i.e., landfills and dumps), serves as a long-term source of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) to the global environment. The modelling results indicate that, in the wake of the worldwide transition from long-chain to short-chain products, in-use stocks of C8 FTPs will peak and decline afterwards while the in-use stocks of C6 FTPs and waste stocks of both FTPs will generally grow. FTP degradation in waste stocks is making an increasing contribution to FTOH generation, the bulk of which readily migrates from waste stocks and degrades into PFCAs in the environment; the remaining part of the generated FTOHs degrade in waste stocks, which makes those stocks reservoirs that slowly release PFCAs into the environment over the long run because of the low leaching rate and extr...

Discrepancies in emission estimates of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 , CTC), between bottom-up and top-down methods, have been shown since the 1990s at both the global and regional scale. This study estimates the emissions of China from 1992 to 2014 based on emission functions and aggregated activity information given reasonable uncertainties. The results show that emissions increase from 7.3Gg/yr (5.6–9.1Gg/yr at 95% confidential interval) to 14.0 (9.1–19.5) Gg/yr with a growth rate of 6.7 (1.9–11.4) %/yr during 1992–2002 and then decrease to a minimum of 4.3 (1.9–8.0) Gg/yr in 2011. More than 54% of the emissions during 1992–2009 are from the process agents sector. The estimates are comparable with those of other studies and those in this study based on observations during 2011–2014 using the interspecies correlation method. China's contribution to global emissions increases from 7.5% to 19.5% during 1992–2009, but the contribution is reduced to 9.9% and 8.0% in 2010 and 2011, respectively, indicating the effectiveness of compliance with the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent Amendments and Adjustments, whereby CTC emissions are phased-out. The results of this study are beneficial for narrowing the gap between bottom-up estimates and top-down emission calculations of CTC in China.