自欧洲殖民印度以来，殖民统治的建立被视为印度现代化进程的开端。尽管对早期现代印度史，尤其是经济史的研究已经反思了以欧洲殖民为核心的现代化叙事，但对前殖民时代本土文化现代化的研究不足依然制约着对印度前殖民现代化的研究。本文重点研究与纺织工格比尔相关的早期现代印地语文献，通过在早期现代印度纺织业发展和印度纺织业者的神秘主义文学传统双重语境中重新挖掘其思想内涵，寻找前殖民时代的印度城市纺织业发展出的具有新时代烙印的现代思想文化的历史线索，以期跳出资本主义全球体系在形成“中央—边缘”格局的过程中凭借殖民知识体系塑造出的单一的“全球现代化叙事”，重新思考多元文明世界的早期现代化实践。

As the Buddhist community in China carried forth the Buddhist yogic traditions into the modern era, a new form of yoga was imported to China via the West as the intermediary in a global network of knowledge transmission with metropolitan port cities like Shanghai as its enclaves. By examining newspapers, archives, and books published in the first half of the twentieth century, this chapter recollects the largely forgotten early history of yoga in modern China. Buddhist scholar Liu Renhang, with his translation of Japanese scholar Kaiten Nukariya’s study of yoga in North America, was the first to introduce yoga as a remedy for the nation, then suffering from endless warfare. The theosophist Hari Prasad Shastri lectured on yoga and established a yoga study group called “Holy Yoga”. The first teacher to offer yoga classes regularly in China was Eugenia Peterson, later known as Indra Devi, and her assistant Michael Volin. They successfully enlisted hundreds of pupils, many of whom were Westerners living in Shanghai. However, with the demise of the Shanghai concessions, the spread of yoga in modern China halted abruptly before it was incorporated into the everyday life of ordinary Chinese people.