An angular momentum projected potential-energy-surface (PES) calculation, which takes both rotational symmetry restoration and multi-quasiparticle excitation into account, is developed by using the macroscopic-microscopic model and the projected shell model (PSM). Within this method, it may become possible to modify the excitation spectra which are influenced by shape-softness of nuclei, including high- K states. As our first example, this method is adopted to study the collective and multi-quasiparticle excitations of 178 Hf, and the results are in good agreement with the existing experimental data. In addition, as for the dominant structure of non-collective 6 + bands, the conflict between experimental result and the previous PSM calculation is clarified.
In order to control regional acid deposition pollution, it is necessary to determine scientific regional control targets for atmospheric acid deposition. This study proposed a method to conduct multi-site simulation using the VSD model and the simulation results were plotted by cumulative frequency distribution curves. Then the regional acid deposition control targets were determined based on the analysis of the restoration of the soil in the region under different deposition scenarios in the target years. The method was applied in the Guangzhou-Dongguan-Huizhou region. To analyze the control targets for acid deposition in this region, 25 sites were simulated by VSD model based on onsite soil sampling and investigation, and the results were plotted by cumulative frequency distribution curves. The results indicated that when S deposition was controlled alone and if the protection rate was 80%, the S control targets should be 7.68-12g.m-2.yr-1 in the short-term and 10.24-16g.m-2.yr-1 in the long-term; the short-term and long-term S deposition control targets should be 5.12-8g.m-2 .yr-1 和7.68-12g.m-2 .yr-1 if the protection rate was 95%. When the S and BC depositions were controlled simultaneously and if the protection rate was 80%, the S control targets should be 2.56-4 g.m-2 .yr-1 in the short-term and 5.12-8 g.m-2 .yr-1 in the long-term when BC deposition was 6.4-12.8 g.m-2 .yr -1 ; and the S control targets should be 2.56-4 g.m-2.yr-1 when BC deposition was 4.8-9.6 g.m-2.yr-1. If the protection rate was 95%, the S control targets should be 0.64-1 g.m-2.yr-1 in the short-term and 5.12-8 g.m-2.yr-1 in the long-term when BC deposition was 6.4-12.8 g.m-2.yr-1; and the S control targets should be 0.64-1g.m-2.yr-1 in the short-term and 2.56-4g.m-2.yr-1 in the long-term. When BC deposition was 2-4 g.m-2.yr-1, S deposition should be controlled to 0.64-1g.m-2.yr-1 for the protection rate of 80% and 95%, and some manual restoration measures are required at the same time
Measurements of black carbon (BC) with a high-sensitivity laser-induced incandescence (HS-LII) instrument and a single particle soot photometer (SP2) were conducted upwind, downwind, and while driving on a highway dominated by gasoline vehicles. The results are used with concurrent CO2 measurements to derive fuel-based BC emission factors for real-world average fleet and heavy-duty diesel vehicles separately. The derived emission factors from both instruments are compared, and a low SP2 bias (relative to the HS-LII) is found to be caused by a BC mass mode diameter less than 75 nm, that is most prominent with the gasoline fleet but is not present in the heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust on the highway. Results from both the LII and the SP2 demonstrate that the BC emission factors from gasoline vehicles are at least a factor of 2 higher than previous North American measurements, and a factor of 9 higher than currently used emission inventories in Canada, derived with the MOBILE 6.2C model. Conversely, the measured BC emission factor for heavy-duty diesel vehicles is in reasonable agreement with previous measurements. The results suggest that greater attention must be paid to black carbon from gasoline engines to obtain a full understanding of the impact of black carbon on air quality and climate and to devise appropriate mitigation strategies.
Context Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but the underlying biological mechanisms are not well understood.Objective To determine whether markers related to CVD pathophysiological pathways (biomarkers for systemic inflammation and thrombosis, heart rate, and blood pressure) are sensitive to changes in air pollution.Design, Setting, and Participants Using a quasi-experimental opportunity offered by greatly restricted air pollution emissions during the Beijing Olympics, we measured pollutants daily and the outcomes listed below in 125 healthy young adults before, during, and after the 2008 Olympics (June 2-October 30). We used linear mixed effects models to estimate the improvement in outcome levels during the Olympics and the anticipated reversal of outcome levels after pollution controls ended to determine whether changes in outcome levels were associated with changes in pollutant concentrations.Main Outcome Measures C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), soluble P-selectin (sCD62P) concentrations; white blood cell count (WBC); heart rate; and blood pressure.Results Concentrations of particulate and gaseous pollutants decreased substantially (-13% to -60%) from the pre-Olympic period to the during-Olympic period. Using 2-sided tests conducted at the .003 level, we observed statistically significant improvements in sCD62P levels by -34.0% (95% CI, -38.4% to -29.2%; P<.001) from a pre-Olympic mean of 6.29 ng/mL to a during-Olympic mean of 4.16 ng/mL and von Willebrand factor by -13.1% (95% CI, -18.6% to -7.5%; P<.001) from 106.4% to 92.6%. After adjustments for multiple comparisons, changes in the other outcomes were not statistically significant. In the post-Olympic period when pollutant concentrations increased, most outcomes approximated pre-Olympic levels, but only sCD62P and systolic blood pressure were significantly worsened from the during-Olympic period. The fraction of above-detection-limit values for CRP (percentage >= 0.3 mg/L) was reduced from 55% in the pre-Olympic period to 46% in the during-Olympic period and reduced further to 36% in the post-Olympic period. Interquartile range increases in pollutant concentrations were consistently associated with statistically significant increases in fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, heart rate, sCD62P, and sCD40L concentrations.Conclusions Changes in air pollution levels during the Beijing Olympics were associated with acute changes in biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis and measures of cardiovascular physiology in healthy young persons. These findings are of uncertain clinical significance. JAMA. 2012;307(19):2068-2078
Polystyrene (PS)-supported diphenylprolinol silyl ethers have been developed as highly active catalysts for the enantioselective a-amination of aldehydes. Understanding the mechanism of catalyst deactivation has led to the development of reaction conditions notably extending catalyst life in repeated recycling (10 cycles; accumulated TON of 480) and has allowed the implementation of a continuous flow alpha-amination process (6 min residence time, 8 h operation).