The Dutch East Indies government adopted the so-called Ethical Policy in the early 20th century, resulting in complex repercussions for Chinese minorities. Education was among the most contended battleground between Dutch authorities and the Chinese community and within the Chinese community itself. While the establishment of the Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan schools galvanized the rise of Chinese nationalistic sentiment, the colonial government also founded a Dutch-language school system specifically tailored for the Chinese to counterweight the potential ideological threat. By exploring the competitions and intricacies between the two systems, this paper seeks to problematize the existing literature that predominantly focuses on only one side of the story. The paper argues that the emergence of the two systems was neither a natural result of the Dutch Ethical Policy nor merely driven by the Indies Chinese’s desperate demand for education. Instead, it vividly reflects various tensions within the heterogeneous Chinese community and its entangled relationships with the transforming colonial state and the ancestral homeland.
From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
Acetaminophen (ACE) is commonly used in analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is hardly removed by traditional wastewater treatment processes. Herein, amorphous Co(OH)2 nanocages were explored as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator for efficient degradation of ACE. In the presence of amorphous Co(OH)2 nanocages, 100% of ACE removal was reached within 2 min with a reaction rate constant k1 = 3.68 min−1 at optimum pH 5, which was much better than that of crystalline β-Co(OH)2 and Co3O4. Amorphous materials (disorder atom arrangement) with hollow structures possess large specific surface area, more reactive sites, and abundant vacancies structures, which could efficiently facilitate the catalytic redox reactions. The radicals quenching experiment demonstrated that SO4− radicals dominated the ACE degradation rather than OH radicals. The mechanism of ACE degradation was elucidated by the analysis of degradation intermediates and theoretical calculation, indicating that the electrophilic SO4− and OH tend to attack the atoms of ACE with high Fukui index (f −). Our finding highlights the remarkable advantages of amorphous materials as heterogeneous catalysts in sulfate radicals-based AOPs and sheds new lights on water treatment for the degradation of emerging organic contaminants.
Mo and W in the bulk silicate Earth and their partitioning behavior between molten metal and silicate can be used to constrain the thermochemical conditions during Earth's core-mantle differentiation. In order to improve our understanding of core-forming conditions, we performed a series of superliquidus metal-silicate partitioning experiments on Mo and W at 40–93 GPa and 3000–4700 K in laser-heated diamond anvil cells. Under the extended P-T conditions directly relevant to terrestrial core formation in a deep magma ocean, we find that pressure and temperature have profound yet opposing effects on their partitioning, and a significant amount of O dissolved in the metal. Based on an activity model for liquid Fe-rich metal, it is observed that O enhances the solubility of both Mo and W in the metal, whereas S makes W significantly less siderophile than Mo. Combining our new data with those of the literature, we modeled the effects of pressure, temperature and metal composition on partitioning, and applied them to a multi-stage accretion model. While our model with homogeneous S accretion successfully explains the abundance of Mo, it underestimates that of W and therefore overestimates Mo/W ratio in Earth's mantle, regardless of the oxidation conditions prevailing during core formation. On the other hand, mantle observables (Mo and W abundances, Mo/W ratio) can be reproduced simultaneously if S is supplied to the Earth towards the end of accretion. This corroborates previous work at lower pressures, and agrees with heterogeneous accretion models where the late volatile-rich delivery was envisaged to explain various isotopic signatures of terrestrial bodies. Nonetheless, this conclusion does not discriminate between reducing and oxidizing conditions.