持久性、迁移性和潜在毒性化学品环境健康风险与控制研究现状及趋势分析

Citation:

张少轩，陈安娜，陈成康，景侨楠，刘建国*. 持久性、迁移性和潜在毒性化学品环境健康风险与控制研究现状及趋势分析. 环境科学 [Internet]. 2023;44(06):3017-3023.

摘要:

持久性、迁移性、毒性或高持久和高迁移性化学品(PMT/vPvM)在全球地表水、地下水和饮用水水体已被广泛检出, 是未来可能显著影响人类健康和环境的一类重要新兴污染物.按照欧盟提议的鉴别标准, 现有化学品中的PMT/vPvM数以千计, 涉及用途广泛, 包括三聚氰胺等数10种较高产量的工业化学品.PMT/vPvM可通过农田径流、工业废水和生活污水排入环境, 污水处理厂目前被认为是其主要排放途径.因难以被现行常规水处理技术有效去除, PMT/vPvM可长期存在于城镇人居环境水循环系统中, 危及居民饮用水及生态系统安全.欧盟已率先开始将PMT/vPvM专门纳入现行化学品风险管理体系中的优先范畴.目前, 环境中仍有众多潜在PMT/vPvM, 其监测方法亟待进一步完善, 物质鉴定、类别范围及清单建立均尚需时日; PMT/vPvM在全球各地区的环境分布和暴露研究十分有限, 其潜在、长期的生态毒性和人体健康危害效应研究较为匮乏.与此同时, 替代品或替代技术以及污水处理、污染场地修复等环境工程治理技术的研究和开发, 都将成为未来PMT/vPvM风险科学研究与管理决策的迫切需求. 持久性、迁移性、毒性或高持久和高迁移性化学品(PMT/vPvM)在全球地表水、地下水和饮用水水体已被广泛检出, 是未来可能显著影响人类健康和环境的一类重要新兴污染物.按照欧盟提议的鉴别标准, 现有化学品中的PMT/vPvM数以千计, 涉及用途广泛, 包括三聚氰胺等数10种较高产量的工业化学品.PMT/vPvM可通过农田径流、工业废水和生活污水排入环境, 污水处理厂目前被认为是其主要排放途径.因难以被现行常规水处理技术有效去除, PMT/vPvM可长期存在于城镇人居环境水循环系统中, 危及居民饮用水及生态系统安全.欧盟已率先开始将PMT/vPvM专门纳入现行化学品风险管理体系中的优先范畴.目前, 环境中仍有众多潜在PMT/vPvM, 其监测方法亟待进一步完善, 物质鉴定、类别范围及清单建立均尚需时日; PMT/vPvM在全球各地区的环境分布和暴露研究十分有限, 其潜在、长期的生态毒性和人体健康危害效应研究较为匮乏.与此同时, 替代品或替代技术以及污水处理、污染场地修复等环境工程治理技术的研究和开发, 都将成为未来PMT/vPvM风险科学研究与管理决策的迫切需求.

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Zhang S, Chen J WCJLZAQJ. Dynamic Source Distribution and Emission Inventory of a Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) Substance, Melamine, in China. Environmental Science Technology [Internet]. 2023;57(39):14694–14706. 访问链接 Abstract

Persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) substances are affecting the safety of drinking water and are threatening the environment and human health. Many PMT substances are used in industrial processing or consumer products, but their sources and emissions mostly remain unclear. This study presents a long-term source distribution and emission estimation of melamine, a high-production-volume PMT substance of emerging global concern. The results indicate that in China, approximately 1858.7 kilotonnes (kt) of melamine were released into the water (∼58.9%), air (∼27.0%), and soil systems (∼14.1%) between 1995 and 2020, mainly from its production and use in the decorative panels, textiles, and paper industries. The textile and paper industries have the highest emission-to-consumption ratios, with more than 90% emissions per unit consumption. Sewage treatment plants are the largest source of melamine in the environment for the time being, but in-use products and their wastes will serve as significant melamine sources in the future. The study prompts priority action to control the risk of PMT substances internationally.

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Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is the main alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) in commercial use. However, there is increasing evidence show that DBDPE is a potential persistent organic pollutant, and it has been found ubiquitously in environmental media across China in recent years. Monitoring studies have not been able to determine the overall levels and temporal trends of DBDPE contamination in China, and have been unable to explain how emission patterns can affect their environmental distribution. Therefore, this study estimated the temporal variance of DBDPE emissions and environmental concentrations in five regions of China from 2006 to 2026 using the PROduction-To-EXposure (PROTEX) mass balance model. The results showed that Guangdong Province was the greatest DBDPE pollution hotspot in China due to emissions from plastics manufacturing and e-waste disposal; there was also severe pollution in Shandong Province, where almost all the DBDPE in China is produced. The DBDPE concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments increased substantially in all regions during 2006–2021. Furthermore, in Guangdong Province and Shandong Province, the ratio of indoor/outdoor air concentrations was greater than or close to 1, indicative of significant outdoor emission sources of DBDPE. In contrast, the ratios for the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, East China, and Southwest China were below 1 due to the indoor use of electronic equipment containing DBDPE. The temporal trends of these ratios indicated that DBDPE contamination has gradually spread from high-concentration environments with strong emission sources to low-concentration environments. The outcomes of this study have important implications for the risk assessment of DBDPE use in China and can be used to establish contamination-mitigation actions.

张少轩，陈安娜，陈成康，景侨楠，刘建国*. 持久性、迁移性和潜在毒性化学品环境健康风险与控制研究现状及趋势分析. 环境科学 [Internet]. 2023;44(06):3017-3023. 访问链接 Abstract

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