Underground hydrogen storage in saline aquifers is an irreplaceable option for large-scale hydrogen usage amid the transition to net-zero, with the urgent demand for clean energy. However, accurate hydrogen storage capacity evaluation is currently hindered by the lack of accessible analytical tools that simultaneously account for engineering constraints and hydrogen-specific biogeochemical losses. To address these gaps, this study hypothesizes that explicitly coupling engineering constraints with quantitative sink terms for microbial consumption and dissolution and diffusive loss will define a net effective capacity that provides a rigorous, safety-constrained baseline distinct from static volumetric estimates. We developed a novel first-order basin-scale screening tool that integrates transport dynamics, equations of state. This framework serves as a theoretical upper-bound estimator designed to evaluate the maximum hydrogen storage capacity subject to engineering constraints and quantitative losses, distinct from predictive reservoir simulations. Applying of the model to a representative basin-scale aquifer, a set of 10 wells with inter-well distance of 5.2 km was determined to reach 1.5 Gt storage volume. Moreover, a total of eleven factors, regarding the reservoir parameters, fluid properties, engineering strategies, and their effects on the hydrogen storage capacity, were specifically analyzed. Results show that long operational time (i.e., 1000 years) usually results in increased storage volume to reach the maximum storage capacity. We conclude that while saline aquifers offer huge storage potential, their technical feasibility is strictly governed by the coupling of hydraulic injectivity and operational time. Overall, this study provides a powerful tool for accurately and efficiently quantifying hydrogen storage capacity and optimizing strategies in saline aquifer.
Rural in-migrants often introduce distinctive architectural aesthetics, driving gentrification processes in rural areas. While this new aesthetic influences local residents' architectural preferences, the factors related to these preferences remain unclear. This study investigates how interactions with rural in-migrants are associated with locals' architectural tastes and identifies other socio-cultural factors. We developed an innovative two-dimensional matrix framework for assessing architectural preferences in rural in-migration contexts, integrating rural in-migration theory with acculturation theory and validated through phototesting techniques. Through a theory-building case study, we focused on 3 villages in Dali, China, which share similar cultural backgrounds but exhibit different architectural changes in response to rural in-migration. We surveyed 335 locals and 218 migrants across these villages in 2021.
The results show that increased social interactions between locals and migrants are significantly associated with strengthened local preferences for locality-based architectural styles over globalized ones, accompanied by a narrowing of the aesthetic distance between the two groups. These findings suggest that cultural interaction processes may reinforce rather than replace local aesthetic preferences. However, this effect varies among locals due to differences in community characteristics, urban experience, future residential intentions, age, education, and marital status. This study shows that local residents demonstrate agency in cultural adaptation rather than remain passive recipients, suggesting potential pathways for communities to resist marginalization in the gentrification process.
α-Hydroxy hydroperoxides (α-HHPs) are an important class of atmospheric peroxides, yet their atmospheric fate remains poorly characterized due to limited observations and a lack of modeling studies. Here, we selected hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide (HMHP), the simplest α-HHP, as a proxy for detailed investigation. Field observations were conducted in Beijing during summer and winter 2024 to characterize HMHP's atmospheric behavior and its correlations with other species. HMHP exhibits distinct diurnal variations compared to other common peroxides, likely due to its unique formation pathway via alkene ozonolysis. We also found its correlation with PM2.5 and O3 differs between seasons. In summer, the box model simulation significantly overestimated HMHP concentrations when only gas phase loss processes were considered. Adding heterogeneous uptake driven by S(IV) oxidation and Fenton-like reactions on wet aerosols substantially improved model performance. These aerosol-phase processes further contribute to particle growth and aging by forming inorganic and organic components. In winter, applying the summer-improved mechanism led to significant underestimation on HMHP during PM2.5 growth episodes. We propose that the heterogeneous reaction between H2O2 and HCHO—while playing a minor role in summer when aerosols are wet—becomes important in winter when aerosols are dry and reactive surface sites are available. Overall, aerosols play a dual role: they act as a sink for HMHP through uptake on wet aerosols, but as a source through surface reactions on dry aerosols. Based on our simulation, in summer, HMHP is sourced mainly from Criegee intermediates chemistry and lost via heterogeneous uptake (over 50%), whereas in winter, heterogeneous reactions on dry aerosols become an important source, with dry deposition and uptake as the main sinks. Our findings fill a critical gap in previous research on the observation and modeling study of α-HHPs and reveal a close link between these peroxides and particulate matter.
Can international sporting events shape cross-national attitudes? Using longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this article exploits quasi-random variation in interview timing around the Olympic Games to estimate their effect on Chinese citizens' trust in Americans. The authors find that respondents interviewed during the Olympic period report significantly higher levels of trust, with effects peaking within several weeks before dissipating. The increase is concentrated among individuals with low baseline trust and limited prior media exposure, and is accompanied by higher video consumption. Placebo tests show no comparable changes in non-Olympic years or in other dimensions of trust. These findings suggest that global sporting events can temporarily foster cross-national trust and promote peace through international communication.