Shortly after the failed PKI uprisings of 1926/27, Tan Malaka and his associates established the Partai Republik Indonesia (PARI). Although he acted as the party chairman and chief strategist, his involvement in the party operation was minimal as he lived in exile. Nevertheless, he loomed large in the eyes of both his followers and enemies. Not only was Tan Malaka a legendary guru for Indonesian revolutionaries, but also an enormous threat to colonial authorities across East and Southeast Asia. This chapter explores Tan Malaka's exile in China between 1927 and 1936 and how such experiences reflect his shifting relationship with Indonesia's ongoing struggles for independence, the international communist movement, and the surveillance and policing practices of multiple colonial states.
Microbial functions and metabolism are intrinsic drivers of pollutant removal in mixotrophic denitrification systems. Four pyrite-based mixotrophic denitrifying biofilters were constructed and monitored for 304 days. Variations in pollutant characteristics indicated that the hot zones of heterotrophic denitrification, autotrophic denitrification, and sulfate reduction were located in the bottom, middle-lower, and upper parts of biofilters, respectively. These hot zones corresponded to preferential enrichment of heterotrophic denitrifying, S-based mixotrophic denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing bacteria, respectively, highlighting microbial spatial stratification. Differential functional gene analysis for S reduction revealed that only a dissimilated sulfate reduction process could consistently provide biogenic S0 as a new electron donor via the flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase (Fcc) enzyme and extracellular polymeric substance protection systems, enhancing the denitrification process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the accumulation of biogenic S0 . Untargeted metabolomic analysis suggested that vitamin B12 and tryptophan might be the key metabolites for realizing synergistic promotion of autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification. The microbe-metabolite network indicated that dominant bacteria (e.g., Thiothrix and unclassified\_f\_Rhodocyclaceae) were specialists with less cross-feeding metabolism, while rare species (e.g., Thiobacillus and Desulfobacter) were generalists with complex cross-feeding metabolism in the constructed mixotrophic denitrification systems. The electron transfer pattern indicated that most of the electrons released from S, C, and Fe oxidation were utilized in denitrification processes as the dominant nitrogen removal pathway, including S2- /S0-based autotrophic, fermentation acetic acid production-heterotrophic, and Fe(II)-based autotrophic denitrification. Some electrons were utilized for coupling dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) and anammox processes as an auxiliary pathway for systemic nitrogen removal. The findings of this study advance our understanding of the deeper intrinsic drivers of nitrogen removal by pyrite-based mixotrophic denitrifying biofilters, facilitating their optimization. (c) 2025 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Nanoconfined water—ubiquitous across both engineered nanoporous adsorbents and subsurface geological formations—plays a pivotal yet underexplored role in carbon capture and storage (CCS). This review systematically examines the physicochemical properties and functional implications of water confined within nanoporous environments, emphasizing its dualistic impact on both CO2 capture and geological CO2 storage. We first summarize recent advances from computational simulations and experimental characterizations, highlighting the altered thermodynamic and structural features, dynamic behavior, dielectric properties, and chemical reactivity of nanoconfined water. We then integrate insights from surface chemistry, materials science, and geoscience to elucidate how nanoconfined water influences CCS processes through competitive adsorption, pore accessibility, wettability, solubility, and mineralization kinetics, spanning systems from nanoporous adsorbents such as zeolites, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and activated carbon (AC) to unconventional formations including shale and tight sandstone. These findings also suggest opportunities for practical applications, such as guiding the design of hydrophobic MOFs for improved CO2 capture and supporting strategies to preserve caprock integrity in subsurface storage. Finally, we identify key challenges in bridging molecular-level understanding with material- and reservoir-scale performance, emphasizing the need for multiscale experimental techniques, realistic molecular modeling, and cross-disciplinary strategies to fully harness the functional potential of nanoconfined water in CCS.
While Neural Audio Codecs (NAC) have revolutionized monaural audio compression, achieving high-fidelity dual-channel coding at low bitrates remains a significant challenge. Existing approaches often rely on naive independent channel quantization, leading to phase incoherence, or entangled latent modeling, which sacrifices spatial precision for spectral energy. This paper proposes a novel dual-channel coding framework based on contentspatial disentanglement. Reframing spatial reconstruction as an informed source separation task, our architecturesynergizes a frozen, pre-trained DAC encoder for robust mono content preservation with a parameter-efficient side information encoder that predicts fine-grained time-frequency masks. To ensure precise spatial imaging, we introduce explicit physical constraints into the end-to-end training. Experimental results indicate that at low bitrates of 9 and 11 kbps, the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art dual-mono neural baselines and industry standards in both objective spatial metrics and subjective MUSHRA evaluations.
Binaural rendering is typically assessed via timbre and localization accuracy, while its intrinsic spatial resolution remains rarely quantified. This paper proposes a perceptual evaluation method based on Minimum Audible Angle (MAA) measurements to estimate the azimuthal just-noticeable difference (JND) introduced by binaural rendering algorithms. We systematically compared several rendering algorithms across eight reference azimuths using two participant-allocation paradigms. The results show that spatial resolution is significantly influencedby Ambisonic order and choice of the rendering algorithm, with MAA thresholds systematically decreasing as the truncation order increases. Furthermore, the proposed method successfully captures physiological spatial characteristics and identifies resolution limits imposed by reference angles. While both participant-allocation paradigms yield consistent qualitative trends, the repeated-measures design provides superior data stability. These findings demonstrate that the proposed MAA-based method is an effective tool for quantifying the spatial resolutionof binaural rendering algorithms.