Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in the atmosphere was measured during an oceanographic cruise in coastal waters between San Diego and San Francisco, California during the CalNex 2010 campaign. The goal of the measurements was to quantify GEM in the various environments that the ship encountered, from urban outflow, the Port of Long Beach and associated shipping lanes, coastal waters affected by upwelling, the San Francisco Bay, and the Sacramento ship channel. Mean GEM for the whole cruise was 1.41 +/- 0.20 ng m(-3), indicating that background concentrations were predominantly observed. The ship's position was most often in waters off the coast of Los Angeles (74% of time with latitude <34.3 degrees N) and mean GEM for this section was not significantly (P > 0.05) higher than the whole cruise mean. South of 34.3 degrees N, GEM was observed to vary diurnally and as a function of wind direction, displaying significantly higher concentrations at night and in the morning associated with general transport from the land to the sea. GEM and CO concentrations were positively correlated with a slope of 0.0011 ng m(-3) ppbv(-1) (1.23 x 10(-7) mol mol(-1)) during periods identified as ``Los Angeles urban outflow'', which given the inventoried CO emissions for the region, suggests a larger source of GEM than is accounted for by the inventory. The timing of the diel maximum in GEM (9:00 local time) was intermediate between the maxima of CO and NO2 (6:00) and that of NO and SO2 (10:00-12:00), suggesting that a mixture of urban and industrial sources were contributing to GEM. There was no observable postsunrise dip in GEM concentrations due to reaction with atomic chlorine in the polluted coastal atmosphere. On three occasions, significantly higher GEM concentrations were observed while in the Port of Long Beach (similar to 7 ng m(-3)), and analyses of wind directions, ratios of GEM with other copollutants, and the composition of single particles, suggest that these plumes originated from the local waste incinerator in the Port area. A plume encounter from a large cargo ship allowed for the estimation of a mass-based emission factor for GEM (0.05 +/- 0.01 mg kg(-1) fuel burned). GEM enhancements observed in the Carquinez Straits, were lower than expected based on the observed NOx/SO2 ratios in the plumes and emissions inventories of the nearest oil refineries. In a region north of Monterey Bay known for upwelling, GEM in the air was positively correlated with dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in seawater and in the air. Using the observed GEM/DMS(g) relationship and the calculated mean DMS ocean-atmosphere flux for the cruise, an ocean-atmosphere flux of GEM of 0.017 +/- 0.009 mu mol m(-2) d(-1) was estimated. This flux was on the upper end of previously reported GEM ocean-atmosphere fluxes and should be verified with further measurements of Hg species in seawater and air. Citation: Weiss-Penzias, P. S., E. J. Williams, B. M. Lerner, T. S. Bates, C. Gaston, K. Prather, A. Vlasenko, and S. M. Li (2013), Shipboard measurements of gaseous elemental mercury along the coast of Central and Southern California. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 208-219, doi: 10.1029/2012JD018463.
Simulations of sulfuric acid concentration and new particle formation are performed by using the zero-dimensional version of the model MALTE (Model to predict new Aerosol formation in the Lower TropospherE) and measurements from the Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding areas (CAREBeijing) in 2008. Chemical reactions from the Master Chemical Mechanism version 3.2 (MCM v3.2) are used in the model. High correlation (slope = 0.72, R = 0.74) between the modelled and observed sulfuric acid concentrations is found during daytime (06:00-18:00). The aerosol dynamics are simulated by the University of Helsinki Multicomponent Aerosol (UHMA) model including several nucleation mechanisms. The results indicate that the model is able to predict the on- and offset of new particle formation in an urban atmosphere in China. In addition, the number concentrations of newly formed particles in kinetic-type nucleation including homogenous homomolecular (J=K[H2SO4]2) and homogenous heteromolecular nucleation involving organic vapours (J=K-het[H2SO4][Org]) are in satisfactory agreement with the observations. However, the specific organic compounds that possibly participate in the nucleation process should be investigated in further studies. For the particle growth, only a small fraction of the oxidized total organics condense onto the particles in polluted environments. Meanwhile, the OH and O3 oxidation mechanism contribute 5.5% and 94.5% to the volume concentration of small particles, indicating the particle growth is more controlled by the precursor gases and their oxidation by O3.
Based on the official statistics, locally measured emission factors, and the vehicular emission factor model most suitable for China, we developed a black carbon (BC) emission inventory for 2008 in China and at a spatial resolution of 0.5°×0.5°. In 2008, the total BC emissions in China were 1604.94 Gg. Industry and the residential sector were the dominant contributors, estimated at 695.03 Gg and 636.02 Gg of BC, respectively. Together, these two source types contributed 82.9% of the total emissions. Emissions from transportation were 194.63 Gg, accounting for 12.1% of the total. Since emission contributions from different sectors showed significant spatial diversity among the 31 administrative districts, we divided the districts into four categories: industry contribution district, residential contribution district, industry and residential contribution district, and transportation contribution district. As for energy consumption, coal and biofuel contributed 51.0% and 32.2%, respectively, of the total emissions. Spatially, BC emissions in China were unevenly distributed, higher in the east and lower in the west, corresponding to regional economic development and rural population density. High emission districts, covering 5.7% of the territory, contributed 41.2% of the total emissions. Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Sichuan were the largest contributors to national BC emissions.