A metal cylindrical waveguide coated with an inside layer of lossy dielectric which affects the propagation characteristics of a guided electromagnetic mode is investigated for gyrotron-traveling-wave tube (gyro-TWT) amplifier applications. This paper reveals a series of novel phenomena. The dispersion curve of a higher order mode has a turning point during its evolvement from the fast wave region to the slow wave region. An electromagnetic mode in the lossy dielectric-coated waveguide exhibits a transverse partial-standing-wave distribution. The dielectric loss induces modal transition which results in the dispersion curves of a pair of nearby modes crossing each other and interchanging mode structures. Modal reduction caused by strong dielectric loss merges a pair of nearby modes into one. In this one merged mode, the dielectric-coated waveguide is equivalent to a conventional cylindrical waveguide with imperfect conducting wall. This improved understanding of lossy dielectric-coated metal cylindrical waveguide is of value and usefulness for application toward gyro-TWTs capable of high-power and wide bandwidth.
Chinese financial aid system is a response to the reduced affordability of higher education and a way to improve the access of the disadvantaged groups to higher education.Based on a survey of 16,058 college students from 54 institutions in Beijing,this study made an empirical analysis of the influential factors of the financial aid for college students.The result indicates that the students from key universities receive more aid than students from other universities and the enrolment in key universities increases the probability of getting aid.In addition,female students,students with better educated fathers or from poor households,and CCP members receive more aid.Students with higher marks in college entrance examination,senior students and students in science related majors obtain significantly more aid.These findings provide empirical evidence for adjusting college financial aid policy in China.
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