A semitransparent perovskite solar cell (PSC) with a dielectric/metal/dielectric (DMD) multilayer film as the top transparent electrode is investigated. Through adjusting the thickness and the deposition rate of Ag and WO3 layers, a transparent electrode with a low sheet resistance of 7 omega sq(-1) and high average visible transmittance (AVT) of 73% in the visible wavelength range of 400-800 nm is obtained. Using the resultant DMD film as the top transparent electrode and different bandgap perovskites of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI(3)), CH(NH2)(2)PbI3 (FAPbI(3)), and FA(0.5)MA(0.38)Cs(0.12)PbI(2.04)Br(0.96) as the optical active layer, a solar cell with a device architecture of ITO/SnO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/MoO3/Ag/WO3 is fabricated. A series of efficient semitransparent PSCs with high transmittance are achieved.
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is the most abundant atmospheric carbonyl compound and plays an important role in the troposphere. However, HCHO detection via traditional incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) is limited by short optical path lengths and weak light intensity. Thus, a new light-emitting diode (LED)-based IBBCEAS was developed herein to measure HCHO in ambient air. Two LEDs (325 and 340 nm) coupled by a Y-type fiber bundle were used as an IBBCEAS light source, which provided both high light intensity and a wide spectral fitting range. The reflectivity of the two cavity mirrors used herein was 0.99965 (1 - reflectivity = 350 ppm loss) at 350 nm, which corresponded with an effective optical path length of 2.15 km within a 0.84 m cavity. At an integration time of 30 s, the measurement precision (1 sigma) for HCHO was 380 parts per trillion volume (pptv), and the corresponding uncertainty was 8.3%. The instrument was successfully deployed for the first time in a field campaign and delivered results that correlated well with those of a commercial wet-chemical instrument based on Hantzsch fluorimetry (R2 = 0.769). The combined light source based on a Y-type fiber bundle overcomes the difficulty of measuring ambient HCHO via IBBCEAS in near-ultraviolet range, which may extend IBBCEAS technology to measure other atmospheric trace gases with high precision.
We propose a new technology to advanced treat overflow wastewater from a combined sewer system using a storage tank-wastewater treatment plant (STP)-constructed wetland (CW) system. The engineering demonstration (a 7,500 m(3)storage tank and a 3,436 m(2)CW) has been built to treat the combined sewer overflows (CSOs) at the largest combined rainwater/wastewater overflow outlet in the middle reaches of the Xinbaoxiang River, which is the second largest river in the Dianchi Lake Basin. During the rainfall period, CSOs enter the storage tank. After sedimentation purification, the higher concentration CSOs at the bottom enter the STP, and the upper low-concentration CSOs enter CWs, thereby linking the multiple means of treating CSOs and minimizing the impact of CSOs on the STP. During the dry season, CWs can also assist in purification of polluted river water. The supernatant (COD <80 mg/L) and the bottom part water (COD >200 mg/L) of the storage tank were sent to CWs and STP, respectively, for treatment. The project was stably operated over 6 months. The final effluent qualities were 12, 1.79, and 0.18 mg/L for COD, TN, and TP, respectively, which achieved the surface water class V standard. Practitioner points A combined system of storage tank-wastewater treatment plant-wetland was proposed to advanced treat overflow wastewater of rainy season. The SWMM could calculate the water quality and volume of overflow under different rainfall conditions in the runoff area. The effluent of the engineering demonstration reached the standard of surface water class V.
Applying an absorbing coating to the surface of an aircraft is a widely used target
stealth method. For high-speed motion vehicles, the temperature of the stealth coating profile is
non-uniform due to the "aerodynamic effect", which affects the millimeter wave radiation of the
target. In this paper, we study the calculation method of millimeter wave radiation of stealth
coating for sports aircraft. Firs
tly, the temperature variation model of the coating under different
boundary conditions was analyzed. Then, the coating brightness temperature under non-uniform
temperature distribution was simulated and calcul
ated, and the brightness temperature difference
of the coating with or without
temperature gradient was analyzed. Finally, the millimeter wave
radiation measurement experiment of the coat
ing verified the accuracy of the simulation
calculation, and the millimeter-wave radiation ch
aracteristics of the non-uniform temperature
stealth coating are obtained.
In this work, a novel strategy for building single-atom silver-induced amorphous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with a hollow tubular morphology is developed. By forming a tubular supramolecular gel, silver is successfully isolated by the nitrogen atoms in both melamine and nitrate anions, impeding agglomeration in the subsequent thermal polymerization. The high density of single-atom-dispersed silver (atomic ratio up to 11.6%) selectively breaks the hydrogen bonds in layered g-C3N4, leading to a fully amorphous structure. Silver-induced full amorphization not only enhances the visible light absorption of g-C3N4 but also accelerates charge transfer, endowing the as-prepared photocatalyst having the optimal silver content with 52 times higher surface area specific naproxen (NPX) removal activity than pure g-C3N4. Both density functional theory (DFT) calculations and steric effects are applied to explain the degradation pathway of NPX. The toxicity of NPX is reduced by sufficient irradiation. This work provides useful insights into the design and morphology control of single metal ion-dispersed g-C3N4 for environmental applications.