从干沉降速度定义出发,综述了过去几十年来国内外在气溶胶干沉降实验技术和理论方面的主要进展.气溶胶粒子从大气向地表沉降的过程决定于颗粒物的粒径、密度和空气粘性系数,同时受空气动力学阻力、粘滞层阻力和表面收集阻力的影响,这些阻力分别与大气层温度、风速、相对湿度等微气象条件密切相关.获取干沉降速度的方法主要有示踪法、梯度法和涡流相关法等.风速的三维瞬时量、动能、摩擦速度、温度和涡旋扩散系数可由超声风速温度仪测定.由于气溶胶具有很宽的粒径谱分布,通常使用几台仪器(如串联式多级采样器、空气动力学粒径谱分布仪和扫描电迁移率颗粒物粒径谱仪)进行联合测量.干沉降参数化方案中,基于斯托克斯定律的物理模型着重于平衡重力、浮力和阻力的作用,半经验方案则进一步考虑了大气湍流、分子运动以及表面捕获机制包括布朗扩散、碰撞、截留、反弹、热泳和扩散泳.然而,参数化方案预测结果在某些粒径段与外场测量数据仍存在显著差异.结合目前干沉降研究存在的问题,对今后气溶胶干沉降的研究方向和技术方法进行了展望.

对室内颗粒物输运扩散进行了机理上的探讨.用时间空间尺度分析方法,把颗粒物通量分解为宏观平均运动δ尺度的平移滑移,湍流运动的η微尺度的湍流扩散,以及分子运动λ尺度的布朗运动4部分,得到颗粒物通量的系综平均表达式及模式计算表达式,并以此分析总结出提高室内颗粒物净化效率的方法,即低流速及低湍流度梯度.采用数值计算比较了稳态置换流与常规点状上进风上排风形成流场的区别,通过现场实测比较了不同方式安装稳态置换流装置的2个房间的颗粒物数浓度随时间变化,提出并应用剂量加权净化效率对净化效果进行了比较.结果表明,稳态置换流的维持弱正压、线状斜对边进排气口布局、低流速及低湍流度等做法能有效提高净化效率并降低能耗.

The natural draft dry cooling tower (NDDCT) has been increasingly used in power generation for its merits of excellent water-saving, high energy saving, simple maintenance and long life service. To study the performance of a newly installed 660 MW NDDCT under crosswind condition, a model with scale of 1:200 was built according to the scaling law of geometric similarity. The experiments were set up in self-similar region with high Reynolds to meet momentum similarity, while meeting the scaling law of Froude and Euler numbers. A first order law radiator resistance model is also proposed and verified by a systematic test. The exponent law profile of wind velocity above the ground was built and verified by experimental data. On the ground of a constant heating rate bases, the flow field inside the NDDCT and the ventilation rate were investigated at the crosswind range of 0–20 m/s.