Britain’s loss of its Southeast Asian colonies during World War Two (WWII), especially the fall of Malaya and Singapore, is a relatively well-studied topic. While existing scholarship has covered the military failure in great detail, researchers have not paid equal attention to the disorganization of the colonial administration, which played a no less important role in the years leading up to the defeat. Based on his meticulous research in British archives, Ronald McCrum has filled the gap by scrutinizing the ‘irresponsible and incompetent’ behaviors of the civilian authorities. He argues that by pursuing different priorities, the colonial government failed to take necessary measures to counter the growing threat of the Japanese. Besides the fact that the British civilian administration was in disarray within itself, their poor relationship with the military also greatly hindered joint efforts to augment the defense against the imminent invasion, which ultimately led to astonishing casualties when the war broke out.
This review reports on the progress of recent developments in graphene-based microfluidics. The applications of graphene-based microfluidics that are the focus of this work are illustrated and discussed mainly with examples from detection of viruses and disease, detection of proteins and glucose, detection of contaminants, and applications in sensors and material preparation. A variety of microfluidic devices integrated with graphene are expounded and analysed. This paper will provide an expedient and valuable reference to designers researching graphene-based microfluidics for various applications.
This paper discusses the importance of a passage in book 5 of Lucretius’s De rerum natura (DRN) in relation to known Epicurean teachings during the Principate, and the significance of this disjunct between the Epicurean epic and the Epicurean teachings in the Roman world. Discussions on Lucretius' DRN 5.1011-1027 often focus on the Hobbesian reading, with particular interest in Lucretius' theoretical contribution that begins with an "original condition" of mankind to the arrival of the social contract and the formation of society. Another common strand of discussion evolves around the question whether Lucretius "had more of Epicurus' works to follow than we do," as David Sedley and Campbell assumes. Yet, as Brook Holmes pointed out, DRN 5.1011-1027 have often been used to "shore up reconstructions of Epicurean views on the nature of social relationships, about which we know relatively little." Sedley's attempt to reconstruct the Epicurea "without" using Lucretius as guide, for instance, chose to leave out our focus passage altogether, for it did not fit into any existing account of Epicurus' writings. While the relationship between our focus passage and Epicurus' own writings remain uncertain, there are two aspects that inform us of how to approach the significance of the focus passage with Roman society. The first is Arrian's account of the Stoic Epictetus, whose mockery of Epicurean positions regarding marriage and offspring illustrates a clear if not biased social perception of Epicurean views on topics of the family. The second is that some of the fragments in the Herculaneum papyri include passages showing some Epicureans discussing such topics concerning marriage, offspring, and parental affinity. This paper examines the two sets of data and consider Lucretius' account in social context. This paper takes the view that Lucretius was providing an innovative account of Epicureanist creation story that was tailored for an elite Roman audience, and the "familial topics," presented not only at DRN 5.1011-1027, but in other sections of his work as well, show a clear intention to introduce Epicureanism as a form of social discourse compatible with the circle of the Roman elite that placed emphasis on "familial topics."
In this work, room-temperature-operated ultrasensitive solution-processed perovskite photodetectors (PDs) with near infrared (NIR) photoresponse are reported. In order to enable perovskite PDs possessing extended NIR photoresponse, novel n-type low bandgap conjugated polymer, poly[(N, N'bis(2-octyldodecyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide-2,6-diyl) (2,5-dioctyl-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl) pyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrole-1,4-dione-5,5'-diyl)] (NDI-DPP), which has strong absorption in the NIR region, is developed and then employed in perovskite PDs. By the formation of type II band alignment between NDI-DPP with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), the NIR absorption of NDI-DPP is exploited, which contributes to the NIR photoresponse for the perovskite PDs, where perovskite is incorporated with NDI-DPP and SWCNTs as well. In addition, SWCNTs incorporated with perovskite active layer can offer the percolation pathways for high charge-carrier mobility, which tremendously boosts the charge transfer in the photoactive layer, and consequently improves the photocurrent in the visible region. As a result, the perovskite PDs exhibit the responsivities of approximate to 400 and approximate to 150 mA W-1 and the detectivities of over 6 x 10(12) Jones (1 Jones = 1 cm Hz(1/2) W-1) and over 2 x 10(12) Jones in the visible and NIR regions, respectively. This work reports the development of perovskite PDs with NIR photoresponse, which is terrifically beneficial for the practical applications of perovskite PDs.
<em>A method of scenario computing is developed for modeling systems with deep uncertainty</em>. The method consists three complementary parts: hybrid modelling, diverse computing, and interactive validation. Hybrid modelling is to dynamically develop models with merging historical knowledges and observed information. Diversity computation is to simulate multiple plausible scenarios about system future. Interactive validation helps scenario computing process being on the right way instead of deviating. Two cases are provided in this paper applying scenario computing, one is earthquake and the other is driving and transportation. The results show good performance of scenario computing method in modeling uncertainty systems.
Liu Y, Wang G, Wu Z, Fan Z, Chen Y. Scenario Computing for Analysis of Deep Uncertainty Systems. Xitong Fangzhen Xuebao / Journal of System SimulationXitong Fangzhen Xuebao / Journal of System SimulationXitong Fangzhen Xuebao / Journal of System Simulation. 2018;30:3608-3615.Abstract
Denitrification community in wetland plays an important role in nitrogen removal. The present study investigated the seasonal and spatial dynamics of denitrification rate and nirS-denitrifier communities and the potential influential factors in a large wetland system treating polluted river water. Wetland denitrification rate and the abundance, richness, diversity and composition of nirS-denitrifier community were found to vary with season and sampling site. Both wetland denitrification rate and denitrifier community were related to plant type. Wetland soils and sediments differed greatly in either denitrification rate or denitrifier community structure. Wetland generally had lower denitrification rate and denitrifier abundance in summer than in spring and winter. Denitrification rate showed no direct correlation to denitrifier abundance but was positively correlated to denitrifier diversity. Denitrification rate could be mediated by denitrifier community structure. Moreover, Spearman rank correlation analysis suggested that denitrification rate was significantly correlated to sediment/soil ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus and pH, while denitrifier abundance was significantly correlated to total phosphorus and temperature. Nitrite, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, and the ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen showed significant correlations with wetland denitrifier diversity, while ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen and total phosphorus might have important roles in shaping wetland denitrifier community structure. In addition, for each wetland sediment or soil, 0.8-46.2% of the retrieved nirS sequences could be related to the sequences from cultivated denitrifiers. Dechloromonas-like denitrifiers were more abundant in wetland sediments than in wetland soils.
With the rapid economic development and urbanization of China, haze and photochemical smog events have been frequently observed during the last decade. To explore the temporal and spatial pollution characteristics in Ningbo, a medium-sized coastal city located in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in southeast China, 24-h PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 mu m) samples were simultaneously collected at five sites (two urban residential sites, two urban coastal sites, and one suburban site) from winter 2012 to autumn 2013. The average PM2.5 concentration was 53.2 +/- 30.4 mu g m(-3). Furthermore, the concentration exhibited a seasonal variation: It was highest in winter and lowest in summer. The urban residential sites had the highest PM2.5 concentrations, followed by the urban coastal sites, and the suburban site had the lowest concentration. OM (Organic Matters) and secondary inorganic ions (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) were the dominant components of the PM2.5. As a coastal city with industrial zones, sources are more complex in Ningbo than in inland cities due to ship emissions and the interactions between land and sea, and the marine and atmospheric environments. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to apportion the particle sources. Nine factors were resolved in this study: secondary nitrate, vehicle exhaust, secondary sulfate, coal combustion, industrial emission, ship emission, dust, biomass burning, and aged sea salt, with average contributions of 26%, 21%, 13%, 12%, 9%, 7%, 5%, 4%, and 3%, respectively. Secondary nitrate and vehicle exhaust were the major sources of PM2.5 pollution in Ningbo. Coal combustion contributed significantly in winter and autumn, whereas sea salt formed a considerable contribution in summer. This study suggests that decreasing the PM2.5 pollution in Ningbo requires not only strategies for reducing local primary sources but also joint inter-regional prevention and the control of air pollution in the YRD.
Seasonal pattern of transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 in Chengdu during 2012–2013 were investigated based on hourly PM2.5 data, backward trajectories, clustering analysis, potential source contribution function (PSCF), and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) method. The annual hourly mean PM2.5 concentration in Chengdu was 97.4 mg·m–3. 5, 5, 5 and 3 mean clusters were generated in four seasons, respectively. Short-distance air masses, which travelled within the Sichuan Basin with no specific source direction and relatively high PM2.5 loadings (>80 mg·m–3) appeared as important pathways in all seasons. These short pathways indicated that emissions from both local and surrounding regions of Chengdu contributed significantly to PM2.5 pollution. The cities in southern Chengdu were major potential sources with PSCF>0.6 and CWT>90 mg·m–3. The northeastern pathway prevailed throughout the year with higher frequency in autumn and winter and lower frequency in spring and summer. In spring, long-range transport from southern Xinjiang was a representative dust invasion path to Chengdu, and the CWT values along the path were 30-60 mg·m–3. Long-range transport was also observed in autumn from southeastern Xinjiang along a northwesterly pathway, and in winter from the Tibetan Plateau along a westerly pathway. In summer, the potential source regions of Chengdu were smaller than those in other seasons, and no long-range transport pathway was observed. Results of PSCF and CWT indicated that regions in Qinghai and Tibet contributed to PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu as well, and their CWT values increased to above 30 mg·m–3 in winter.
Significant progress has been made in perovskite solar cells by various effective film-forming methods. Solution-process methods for the perovskite film appropriate under ambient conditions are desired to be explored for the practical industrialization. Here, a secondary crystal growth strategy is developed for the fabrication of perovskite film in ambient atmosphere. By this method, the conversion from PbI2 to CH3NH3PbI3 on the planar substrate can be completed, overcoming the limitation of standard sequential deposition. After secondary growth, high-quality crystals are obtained and compact densely to form a pinhole-free film. Exceeding 17% of power conversion efficiency is achieved for planar CH3NH3PbI3 devices by controlling the reaction time of two stages carefully. This method can be easily controlled, reproduced and performed in the ambient, which meets the industrial requirements for highly efficient, low cost planar perovskite solar cells.
