科研成果 by Type: Conference Paper

The newly discovered gubernatorial edict from Laodicea, in which the proconsul of Asia (likely Marcus Ostorius? Scapula) issued a series of orders, contains references to precedents from his predecessors, including edicts from the proconsul Cornelius Tacitus and his deputy Saenius Sabinus, and a letter from the proconsul Vicirius Martialis. Why did Martialis issue a letter instead of an edict? What was the function of Martialis' correspondence, and what did it achieve? In Oliver, Greek Constitutions, pp. 20-21, Augustus and later principates continued to use written proclamations in edict form as a way of communicating with provincials, a tradition practiced by Roman magistrates in the Republic. We also learn that edicts were essentially "open letters to whom it might concern," and were not unlike epistles in terms of preparation, at times not carefully distinguished by the secretaries that prepared them. If there were edict and epistolary forms, it is not immediately clear how they differed in function and perception, both from the perspective of the senders and their intended recipients. Gubernatorial communications have received treatment by Meyer-Zweiffelhoffer (2002), Kokkinia (2003, 2004) Lavan (2013). Kokkinia states that there are approximately 90 examples, and they point to the pattern in which most governors were acting upon local requests to interevene (Kokkinia 2004: 49). If the purpose was to intervene, at what point will an epistle be no longer enough, but an edict will? This paper will first use Paulus Fabius Maximus' letter-edict to discuss a classical case in which an attempt to write a letter took a sinister turn towards an edict. We will then examine a range of cases including those from the Opramoas dossier to consider the various epistolary approaches that the Roman governors took in responding to local situations. The paper will use this assembled corpus to interpret the Vicirius Martialis' letter from both its immediate communicative context and also the general tradition in official correspondence. This paper also touches on the broader question of why governors need to write letters, when they could have just issued edicts, and what letters can do that edicts could not.

奥古斯都三度受元老院与人民任命，出任法律道德监管（curator legum et morum, 19 BCE, 18 BCE, 11 BCE, cf. RGDA 6, Dio Cass. 54.30.1, Suet. Aug. 27），推动婚姻立法，塑造新罗马社会，但多有面对社会面不满的压力（RGDA 8; Eck 2022）。本文先考虑奥古斯都时期婚姻立法过程中，持不同立场的人士所使用的说服手段，以诗人贺拉斯和普罗佩提乌斯为代表。再来，本文看迪奥卡西乌斯笔下的奥古斯都面对骑士序列人士的两段演说（Dio Cass. 56.1-10），虽然较贺拉斯和普罗佩提乌斯而言，成文的时间距奥古斯都时期较远，但应有一定的参考价值。最后，本文也考虑一般学界不列入考虑的铭刻材料。公元前17年的《世纪竞赛元老院决议文》（Senatus Consultum de ludibus saecularibus）以及公元8年前后的《涂丽雅悼词》（Laudatio Turiae）等铭文石刻，或有助于我们理解不同层次的反应与反制。铭文勒石不只是一种昭示性质的行为，也是一种表演性质的行为。这两方在婚姻立法过程中立起的石刻，与婚姻、生育、单身、无子等议题相关，应该要与婚姻立法问题更为紧密地考虑。本文主张，这两方石刻可以理解为支持与反对婚姻立法人士要试图说明自己立场、并说服不同立场者的公开尝试，反应的是奥古斯都为道德监管的大环境下，罗马公民仍然留存的共识文化。

近年来，西方学界好于比较汉代中国与罗马时期地中海，研究方法主要是梳理并重组已知文字材料，寻找新的研究框架和比较视角,有效推进学界对于古代国家在如官僚系统、税收、管理等具"现代化"特征的研究工作。本文要比较的是这两个古代国家的治理行为，选择的研究对象是两者都有的、也都有强大需求的铁产业。近期中外的古代冶铁研究文献开始关注铁制半成品在铁业各环节之中的重要性。笔者还注意到，半成品生产与世代传承的私家铁业经营者之间存在关联性。笔者结合考古发掘成果与古代文献，讨论秦汉和罗马等古代国家管理者如何参与、适应既有的铁业传统与生态；如何介入、监管、甚至接管铁矿开采和冶炼业务；如何管理或动员铁业从业人力，确保古代国家治理者有可类比为"現代化"的动员能力，获取铁类的必要物资。

High-precision large dynamic-range (DR) current-sensing front-ends are widely used in biomedical applications, such as patch-clamp, molecular concentration detection, and gene sequencing. The new gene sequencers require low-noise analog front-ends capable of sensing large DR current (>100 dB) down to sub-pA-level. At this level of precision, oversampled data converters are usually used. However, given the limited oversampling ratio in high throughput applications, it is very challenging to achieve a sub-pA-level sensitivity and >100dB DR within the limited area and energy budgets [1]. In [2], a 140dB DR is achieved using a multi-bit delta-sigma modulator (DSM), but the power consumption is over 1mW and the current sensitivity is limited to 6.3pA. An hourglass ADC achieving a 100fA sensitivity and 140dB DR is presented in [3], but is limited by conversion rate and relatively high power consumption (295μW). For a 100Hz bandwidth, its noise floor increases to 18pA.