Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The concentrations of Σ8PBDEs ranged from 0.04 to 19.93 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), with median and mean value of 1.21 and 2.72 ng g−1 lw. PBDE congeners were detected in approximately 90 % of samples with BDE-209 as the dominant one. No significant correlations were found between the mothers’ age, body mass index and PBDEs concentrations. We estimated the infant’s dietary intake of the studied PBDEs via human milk during different nursing durations, and found that babies younger than 1 month might take a relatively higher body burden of PBDEs. The median levels of Σ8PBDEs were 0.74, 2.80, 2.43 and 0.90 ng g−1 lw in colostrum, milk sampled at 1, 3 and 6 months after birth, respectively. High consumption of animal-origin food after birth may lead to the elevated ΣPBDEs concentrations in breast milk. A rational nutrition deployment is essential for postpartum mother.
This chapter proposes to read the sculptural program of the Philopappos Monument at Athens from the perspective of power and status of the Orontid’s royal house of the kingdom of Commagene. Investigations will focus on the honorand’s grandfather, Antiochus IV of Commagene, styled as a togate figure and sitting on a sella curule, and how such choice can interpret Philopappus’ career. This chapter argues that the monumental façade of the Commagenian king Philopappus defines the concept of client-kingship as a non-territorial Roman institution. Client-kings and their members were a class of their own within the Roman political hierarchy, and served bureaucratic functions.
Practice improves discrimination of many basic visual features, such as contrast, orientation, and positional offset [1-7]. Perceptual learning of many of these tasks is found to be retinal location specific, in that learning transfers little to an untrained retinal location [1, 6-8]. In most perceptual learning models, this location specificity is interpreted as a pointer to a retinotopic early visual cortical locus of learning [1, 6-11]. Alternatively, an untested hypothesis is that learning could occur in a central site, but it consists of two separate aspects: learning to discriminate a specific stimulus feature ("feature learning"), and learning to deal with stimulus-nonspecific factors like local noise at the stimulus location ("location learning") [12]. Therefore, learning is not transferable to a new location that has never been location trained. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel double-training paradigm that employed conventional feature training (e.g., contrast) at one location, and additional training with an irrelevant feature/task (e.g., orientation) at a second location, either simultaneously or at a different time. Our results showed that this additional location training enabled a complete transfer of feature learning (e.g., contrast) to the second location. This finding challenges location specificity and its inferred cortical retinotopy as central concepts to many perceptual-learning models and suggests that perceptual learning involves higher nonretinotopic brain areas that enable location transfer.
There has been ever-increasing international interest in investigating the long-term emissions of chemicals in products (CiPs) throughout their entire life cycle in the anthroposphere. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a contemporary example of special interest due to the recent listing of this hazardous flame retardant in the Stockholm Convention and the consequent need for parties to take appropriate measures to eliminate this compound. Here, we conducted a scenario-based dynamic substance flow analysis, coupled with interval linear programming, to forecast the future HBCDD emissions in China in order to assist with the implementation of the Stockholm Convention in this current world's predominant HBCDD manufacturing and consuming country. Our results indicate that, under a business-as-usual scenario, the cumulative HBCDD production will amount to 238,000聽tonnes before its phase-out, 79% of which will be consumed in domestic market, accumulate as stocks in flame-retarded polystyrene insulation boards, and ultimately end up in demolition waste. While the production is scheduled to end in ca. 2021, emissions of HBCDD would continue until after 2100. For the entire simulation period 2000鈥2100, 44% of total cumulative emissions will arise from the industrial manufacture of HBCDD-associated end-products, whereas 49% will come from the end-of-life disposals of HBCDD-containing waste. The most effective end-of-life disposal option for minimizing emissions we found was, a pre-demolition screening combined with complete incineration. Our study warns of the huge challenges that China would face in its eliminating HBCDD contamination in the following decades, and provides an effective methodology for a wider range of countries to recognize and tackle their long-term emission problems of hazardous CiPs.
学界提及陆其安《神棍亚历山大》(Lucian, Alexander the false prophet)的 伊比鸠鲁领袖阿马斯翠的雷皮度(Lepidus of Amastris)时，往往将此人与一篇 出土于阿马斯翠(Amastris)的 CIG 4149(即 Marek 1993, p. 162 Kat. Amastris no. 12)Tiberius Claudius Lepidus 当作是同一人，但如此推论多没有提出具体证 明。本文探讨将两人视为同一人在证据上以及推论上会出现的问题，并主张 在证据不足的情况下，若采用 Prosopographia Imperii Romani 较为保守的说法，比较合理。
In the Alexander the False Prophet, Lucian presents a biographical account of Alexander of Abonuteichos, who founded a snake oracle cult in Paphlagonia. This oracle cult eventually spread to Rome under the crafty guidance of its founder Alexander, who used deception, trickery, and human flaw to ensnare laymen and dignitaries alike. Lucian informs us that Alexander was perplexed by Lepidus of Amastris and his Epicurean followers, who doubted Alexander's oracles and made fun of his craft. Scholars were able to link many of the personages in Alexander's biography to historical persons based on inscriptions and literary accounts by other authors, and Lepidus was linked to an inscription found at Amastris, which commemorated one Tiberius Claudius Lepidus, 'high-priest of Pontus' and 'president of the city. This paper examines this identification, and finds that alternative interpretations on the connection between Lucian's Lepidus and the Lepidus inscription ought to be considered.