Saturated (C(2)-C(11)) and unsaturated (C(4)-C(5), C(8)) dicarboxylic acids were measured in Arctic aerosol and surface snowpack samples collected during dark winter (February) and light spring (April-May) using a gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Their molecular distributions were characterized by a predominance of oxalic acid (C(2)), except for few spring snowpack samples that showed the predominance of succinic acid (C(4)). Concentrations of short-chain saturated diacids (C(3)-C(5)) and 4-ketopimelic acid in the aerosol samples increased by a factor of similar to5 from winter to spring. In contrast, those of saturated C(6)-C(11) diacids and unsaturated (maleic, methylmaleic and phthalic) acids decreased by a factor of similar to4 from winter to spring aerosol samples. Snowpack samples also showed a similar trend. These results of the aerosol samples suggested that, the diacids are largely produced in spring by photochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons and other precursors that are transported long distances from the mid- and low-latitudes to the Arctic, but the production of oxalic acid is in part counteracted by photo-induced degradation possibly associated with bromine chemistry. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this paper, we consider social status, the spirit of capitalism, fiscal policies, and asset pricing in a stochastic model of growth. With specific assumptions on the production technology, preferences, and stochastic shocks, we derive the explicit solutions to the growth rates of consumption and savings and equilibrium returns on all assets. We further demonstrate how fiscal policies, the spirit of capitalism, and stochastic shocks affect growth, asset pricing, and welfare.
This paper sets up a theoretical model linking the growth rate of the economy to the growth rate and volatility of different government expenditures. On a theoretical basis, it is found that volatility in government spending can be positively or negatively associated with economic growth depending on the intertemporal elasticity in consumption. On an empirical basis, it is rather surprising to find no association between growth in capital expenditure and output growth, whereas growth in current expenditure seems to stimulate output growth. In particular, growth in transportation and communication seems to have a negative effect on output growth. It is also very interesting to find that the rises in the volatility in the growth of general public services, transportation, and communication have a positive effect on output growth.