The industrial sector is a major source of China's major CO2 emissions. In 2012, the emissions embedded in the final-use-induced intermediate CO2 flows contributed to approximately 91.2% of the total emissions. Hence, controlling CO2 emissions along supply chains could have a significant contribution in achieving the climate mitigation goal to which the Chinese government has been committed. In this study, we first extracted final-use induced CO2 transfer networks from input-output tables, and then applied the power-of-pull approach to the networks to identify the key sectors significantly affecting the CO2 emissions of each targeted sector's supply chains. Our results showed that each sector itself has significant power of pulling their emissions. Energy and raw material providers have played an essential role in pulling other sectors' emissions in the past years. The results of all sectors can easily construct a network reflecting the system's characteristics. And the power-of-pull approach could easily be integrated with the structural path analysis. Our proposed approach has the potential in helping policy making by offering a new perspective.
On the cover: The cover image, by Yanmei Dou et al., is based on the Research Article Postzygotic single‐nucleotide mosaicisms contribute to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder and autistic traits and the origin of mutations, Pages 1002–1013. DOI 10.1002/humu. 23284
The firework algorithm (FWA) is a novel swarm intelligence-based method recently proposed for the optimization of multi-parameter, nonlinear functions. Numerical waveform inversion experiments using a synthetic model show that the FWA performs well in both solution quality and efficiency. We apply the FWA in this study to crustal velocity structure inversion using regional seismic waveform data of central Gansu on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Seismograms recorded from the moment magnitude (MW) 5.4 Minxian earthquake enable obtaining an average crustal velocity model for this region. We initially carried out a series of FWA robustness tests in regional waveform inversion at the same earthquake and station positions across the study region, inverting two velocity structure models, with and without a low-velocity crustal layer; the accuracy of our average inversion results and their standard deviations reveal the advantages of the FWA for the inversion of regional seismic waveforms. We applied the FWA across our study area using three component waveform data recorded by nine broadband permanent seismic stations with epicentral distances ranging between 146 and 437 km. These inversion results show that the average thickness of the crust in this region is 46.75 km, while thicknesses of the sedimentary layer, and the upper, middle, and lower crust are 3.15, 15.69, 13.08, and 14.83 km, respectively. Results also show that the P-wave velocities of these layers and the upper mantle are 4.47, 6.07, 6.12, 6.87, and 8.18 km/s, respectively.
We present high-precision chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-IDTIMS) U-Pb zircon and isotope dilution-negative-diennal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-N-TIMS) Re-Os molybdenite geochronology of the world class Tibetan Qulong porphyry Cu-NIo deposit. The data is used to constrain the timing, duration, and to yield implications for the ore -forming processes. The (-Pb data suggest that the preore Bonginuctiola pluton crystallized at 17.142 0.014/0.014/0.023 Ma (uncertainties presented as analytical /+ tracer /+ decay constant uncertainties), with emplacements of the synore P porphyry and postore quartz diorite occurring at 16.009 +/- 0.016/0.017/0.024 and 15.166 +/- 0.010/0.011/0.020 Ma, respectively. The Re-Os analysis of nudtiple independent molybdenite separations from single molybdenite-bearing quartz veins yields sub-%(0) level analytical precision (<1%(0)), which is comparable with that of modern CA[D-TINTSU-Pb zircon geochronology. The new Re-Os data indicate that the majority of the metals at Qulong were deposited over a minimum duration of 266 13 k.y., between 16.126 +/- 0.008/0.060/0.077 and 1.5.86 +/- 00.010/0.058/0.075 Ma, with die main phase of mineralization being broadly synchronous with the emplacement of die P porphyry. However, our Re-Os data of molybdenite hosted within the Rongmuctiola pillion imply that a portion of mineralizadon also predated die P porphyry and suggest that die P porphyry is an intermineral porphyry stock, although mineralization cut by P porphyry has not been previously documented or observed in this study. Correlating the Re-Os ages with vein types (A-B-D veins) demonstrates that the mineralization process was cyclical, with the presence of at least three short-lived (38 +/- 11 to 59 10 k.y.) mineralization pulses between 16.1.26 +/- 0.008 and 16.050 +/- 0.005, 16.040 +/- 0.007 and 15.981 +/- 0.007, and similar to 15.981 +/- 0.007 and 15.860 +/- 0.010 Ma. Coupling die Re-Os molybdenite ages and quartz (coprecipitated with die dated molybdenite) fluid inclusion data suggests that die cooling history was also cyclic, and implies a rapid cooling rate during the entire mineralization process (0.55 degrees +/- 0.11 C/k.y.), with much faster cooling rates (1.19 degrees +/- 0.82 degrees to 1.27 degrees +/- 0.53 degrees C/k.y.) for the individual mineralization pulses. The cyclic and rapid cooling process requires an additional cooling mechanism rather than the inefficient conduction, which we attribute to meteoric water circulation.The presence of mineralization predating the intermineral P porphyry stock and the absence of evidence of an early porphyry stock at Qulong suggest that mineralization potentially can take place without contemporaneous magmatism at mineralization levels. As a result, dating magmatic events may not necessarily bracket the entire mineralization duration of a porphyry system. This highlights the importance of dating ore minerals to reveal a comprehensive picture of the magma-hydrothermal process. In addition, the absence of contemporaneous magmatism during mineralization has broad implications for the classification of porphyry copper deposits and mineral exploration. The timescales of mineralization cycles constrained here via direct dating of ore minerals (tens of k.y.) are comparable with those recently proposed through high -precision U-Pb zircon dating, diffusion modeling, and numerical simulation. We propose that the cyclic mineralization pulses are linked with the periodic release of volatiles from the lower crustal magma chamber, which are common for porphyry copper systems worldwide. The episodic/cyclic metal enrichment process potentially is one of the controlling factors of porphyry copper ore formation and is the key to differentiate the formation of economic and subeconomic porphyry deposits.Finally, direct comparison of molybdenite Re-Os dates from different laboratories and with the zircon U-Pb system needs to account for the much larger uncertainties from tracer calibration and decay constants, respectively. As a result, we lose the necessary resolution to investigate the ore -forming process at the k.y. level. Therefore, to reduce these uncertainties, calibration between the two chronometers, using shared tracer solutions and a transparent data reduction platform within the community is required.
Objective To examine whether previous observed inverse associations of dairy intake with systolic blood pressure and risk of hypertension were causal.Design Mendelian randomization study using the single nucleotide polymorphism rs4988235 related to lactase persistence as an instrumental variable.Setting CHARGE (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology) Consortium.Participants Data from 22 studies with 171 213 participants, and an additional 10 published prospective studies with 26 119 participants included in the observational analysis.Main outcome measures The instrumental variable estimation was conducted using the ratio of coefficients approach. Using meta-analysis, an additional eight published randomized clinical trials on the association of dairy consumption with systolic blood pressure were summarized.Results Compared with the CC genotype (CC is associated with complete lactase deficiency), the CT/TT genotype (TT is associated with lactose persistence, and CT is associated with certain lactase deficiency) of LCT-13910 (lactase persistence gene) rs4988235 was associated with higher dairy consumption (0.23 (about 55 g/day), 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.29) serving/day; P<0.001) and was not associated with systolic blood pressure (0.31, 95% confidence interval -0.05 to 0.68 mm Hg; P=0.09) or risk of hypertension (odds ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.97 to 1.05; P=0.27). Using LCT-13910 rs4988235 as the instrumental variable, genetically determined dairy consumption was not associated with systolic blood pressure (beta=1.35, 95% confidence interval -0.28 to 2.97 mm Hg for each serving/day) or risk of hypertension (odds ratio 1.04, 0.88 to 1.24). Moreover, meta-analysis of the published clinical trials showed that higher dairy intake has no significant effect on change in systolic blood pressure for interventions over one month to 12 months (intervention compared with control groups: beta=-0.21, 95% confidence interval -0.98 to 0.57 mm Hg). In observational analysis, each serving/day increase in dairy consumption was associated with -0.11 (95% confidence interval -0.20 to -0.02 mm Hg; P=0.02) lower systolic blood pressure but not risk of hypertension (odds ratio 0.98, 0.97 to 1.00; P=0.11).Conclusion The weak inverse association between dairy intake and systolic blood pressure in observational studies was not supported by a comprehensive instrumental variable analysis and systematic review of existing clinical trials.
Using coupled dynamic substance flow and environmental fate models, CiP-CAFE and BETR-Global, we investigated whether degradation of side-chain fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTPs), mostly in waste stocks (i.e., landfills and dumps), serves as a long-term source of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) to the global environment. The modelling results indicate that, in the wake of the worldwide transition from long-chain to short-chain products, in-use stocks of C8 FTPs will peak and decline afterwards while the in-use stocks of C6 FTPs and waste stocks of both FTPs will generally grow. FTP degradation in waste stocks is making an increasing contribution to FTOH generation, the bulk of which readily migrates from waste stocks and degrades into PFCAs in the environment; the remaining part of the generated FTOHs degrade in waste stocks, which makes those stocks reservoirs that slowly release PFCAs into the environment over the long run because of the low leaching rate and extr...
An ellipsoid, the simplest nonspherical shape, has been extensively used as a model for elongated building blocks for a wide spectrum of molecular, colloidal, and granular systems. Yet the densest packing of congruent hard ellipsoids, which is intimately related to the high-density phase of many condensed matter systems, is still an open problem. We discover an unusual family of dense crystalline packings of self-dual ellipsoids (ratios of the semiaxes α:√α:1), containing 24 particles with a quasi-square-triangular (SQ-TR) tiling arrangement in the fundamental cell. The associated packing density ϕ exceeds that of the densest known SM2 crystal [ A. Donev et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 255506 (2004)] for aspect ratios α in (1.365, 1.5625), attaining a maximal ϕ≈0.75806... at α=93/64. We show that the SQ-TR phase derived from these dense packings is thermodynamically stable at high densities over the aforementioned α range and report a phase diagram for self-dual ellipsoids. The discovery of the SQ-TR crystal suggests organizing principles for nonspherical particles and self-assembly of colloidal systems.
