科研成果 by Type: Report

A growing number of governments and companies are pledging net-zero emissions by 2050. For the US as a whole to achieve this requires eliminating or offsetting today's emission of ~6 billion tCO2e/year. There is a dearth of analysis for understanding requirements, costs, and impacts of this transition. The goal of this study is to help fill this gap by providing insights at visceral, human scales of how the nation will look following a pathway to net-zero and the localized benefits, costs, and impacts for different industries, professions, and communities. The analysis aims to inform debates on public and corporate policies needed to achieve net-zero, but specific policy recommendations are not offered.Energy service demands projected to 2050 by the EIA for 14 regions across the continental US provide the starting point for modeling. Five different pathways are constructed for meeting these demands by varying exogenously applied constraints to create the different pathways.End-use technologies to meet service demands are exogenously specified in 5-year time steps to determine final energy demands that must be delivered by the energy supply system. Pathways to net-zero emissions by 2050 are constructed by finding the energy supply mix that minimizes the 30-year NPV of total energy-system costs, subject to exogenous constraints. The model has perfect foresight and seamless integration between all sectors. These modeling results are “downscaled” to state or sub-state geographies to quantify local plant and infrastructure investments, construction activities, land-use, jobs, and health impacts, 2020 - 2050.

报告以全球公共性发展金融机构的复兴为切入口，展开论述了需要创建公共性发展金融机构的理据。报告首次提出了公共性发展金融机构的定义及识别方法，并提供了当前全球公共性发展金融机构的全景概览。公共性发展金融机构应满足：1）是具有独立法人地位且财务可持续的金融机构；2）以实现公共政策为目标；3）享有政府支持。研究发现，公共性发展金融机构主要在国别范围运营，并主要以一般性发展目标作为官方使命。值得注意的是，报告发现，处在不同发展阶段国家的国别性公共性发展金融机构倾向于具有不同的关注点：高收入国家更关注贸易，而中低收入国家更关注基础设施建设。最后，报告发现，国别公共性发展金融机构的数量在不同收入水平之间呈现出倒U形——平均而言，中等收入国家的公共性发展金融机构数量较低收入国家与高收入国家更多。