223 surface soil samples from conservation areas of the Miyun Reservoir were collected for detecting the concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues.The pollution characteristics,spatial distribution,influencing factors,origins of OCPs,and ecological risks were systematically explored.The results showed that the concentration of HCHs and DDTs in the soil samples ranged from ND to 2.10ng/g and ND to 526ng/g,respectively.The HCHs and DDTs in the Miyun reservoir presented zonal and discrete distribution characteristics,and the maximal values appeared in areas with dense population and developed agriculture.Moreover,both land use pattern and soil physical-chemical properties significantly impacted on the distribution of HCHs and DDTs.Highest concentration was found in farmland,and pH value was found to have greatest effect on the OCPs distribution.Furthermore,the OCPs residues in soils were mainly originated from the historical residues,atmospheric precipitation and recent inputs.Compared with other similar soil samples from different regions,the concentration of HCHs and DDTs in soil samples of the Miyun reservoir were at medium-low level,which suggested that HCHs and DDTs in the Miyun reservoir were in a state of low danger.以密云水库水源保护区为研究区域,对采集的223个表层土壤样品开展了有机氯农药残留浓度的测定,并对其污染特征、空间分布、影响因素、污染来源及生态风 险进行了探讨.结果表明,研究区域内HCHs和DDTs的总量变化范围分别在ND-2.10ng/g和ND-526ng/g之间,gamma-HCH、p ,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDT的检出率较高.HCHs和DDTs在空间上的分布呈现带状和离散性分布特征,浓度极值出现在人口密集和农业发达的地区. 土地利用方式和土壤理化性质均会对HCHs和DDTs的分布产生较大影响,其中耕地残留量最高,土壤pH值影响最大.HCHs和DDTs主要来源于早期残 留、大气的干湿沉降及近期的农药输入等.与国内外其他类似区域表层土壤相比,密云水库保护区土壤有机氯农药处于中等偏低水平,区域内总体生态风险较小,个 别点位可能存在潜在生态风险.
Bakken shale samples were studied for distribution of adsorbed water using low-pressure nitrogen sorption. By comparing results between dry and wet samples, the distribution of adsorbed water in shale was determined. Two of the isolated kerogen samples show a striking change of pore size distribution (PSD) in large pores (>16 nm), indicating the pronounced distribution of adsorbed water in large pores of organic matter. As for the bulk shale, water can adsorb in both small (16 nm) depending on hydrophilic sites. However, hydrophilic sites in small pores are mainly contributed by inorganic matter, while hydrophilic sites in large pores are composed of inorganic or organic matter. The overall results therefore clarify the contribution of inorganic and organic matter to water adsorption in shale and provide a better understanding of the significance of adsorbed water in shale.
BACKGROUND: DNA methylation (DNAm) may play a role in age-related outcomes. It is not yet known which DNAm-based biomarkers of age acceleration (BoAA) has the strongest association with age-related endpoints. METHODS: We collected the blood samples from two independent cohorts: the Normative Ageing Study, and the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg cohort. We measured epigenome-wide DNAm level, and generated five DNAm BoAA at baseline. We used Cox proportional hazards model to analyze the relationships between BoAA and all-cause death. We applied the Fine and Gray competing risk model to estimate the risk of BoAA on myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and cancer, accounting for death of other reasons as the competing risks. We used random-effects meta-analyses to pool the individual results, with adjustment for multiple testing. FINDINGS: The mean chronological ages in the two cohorts were 74, and 61, respectively. Baseline GrimAgeAccel, and DNAm-related mortality risk score (DNAmRS) both had strong associations with all-cause death, MI, and stroke, independent from chronological age. For example, a one standard deviation (SD) increment in GrimAgeAccel was significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause death [hazard ratio (HR): 2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15, 3.50], higher risk of MI (HR: 1.44; 95% CI, 1.16, 1.79), and elevated risk of stroke (HR: 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06, 1.91). There were no associations between any BoAA and cancer. INTERPRETATION: From the public health perspective, GrimAgeAccel is the most useful tool for identifying at-risk elderly, and evaluating the efficacy of anti-aging interventions. FUNDING: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of U.S., Harvard Chan-NIEHS Center for Environmental Health, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the State of Bavaria in Germany.
Past studies typically have focused on whether people perceive more rare risk after experiencing catastrophic disasters. We show that people can also feel less risk with unexpected "lucky" disaster experience. By exploring a novel identification strategy based on households' expectations, we find that households perceive less (more) risk when they experience disasters that have lower (higher) actual fatalities than what was expected. This opposite experience effect of rare disasters is substantial: a one standard deviation increase in the negative (positive) experience shock is associated with a 1.71% decrease (a 1.31% increase) in the life insurance-to-portfolio ratio. We discuss three possible mechanisms to account for our empirical findings: incomplete information learning, salience theory, and change in risk preferences.
Abstract Aim Sexual systems strongly influence angiosperm evolution and play important roles in community assembly and species responses to climate change. However, geographical variation in proportions of different sexual systems (dioecy, monoecy and hermaphroditism) in response to changes in climate, life-history traits and evolutionary age remains poorly understood. Here, we map the geographical variation in proportions of different sexual systems and hypothesize that the prevalence of hermaphrodites increases with aridity owing to their advantages in colonizing harsh environments, whereas dioecy is most successful in humid regions with tall-canopy vegetation and old floras. Location China. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Woody angiosperms. Methods Using data on sexual systems and distributions of 10,449 woody species in China, we estimated the proportions of different sexual systems in local floras (50 km × 50 km grid cells). Spatial linear models, phylogenetic general linear models and structural equation models were used to compare the relative influences of climate, plant height and evolutionary age on geographical variation in proportions of different sexual systems. Results We found contrasting geographical patterns in the proportions of different sexual systems. The proportions of dioecy and monoecy increased with plant height and were highest in humid regions with older floras, whereas that of hermaphroditism decreased with plant height and was highest in arid regions with younger floras. Plant height was the strongest correlate of sexual system frequency. Climate influenced sexual system frequency both directly and indirectly via its effects on plant height. Main conclusions Our study provides the first continuous map of sexual system composition in woody floras over a large spatial scale. Our findings suggest that mature plant height, reflecting plant longevity, dominates geographical variation in sexual systems and that the proportions of different sexual systems in local floras might reflect their correlated evolution with traits in response to climate changes.
We investigated whether fine-grained coordination in a screen-based puzzle task with a (virtual) partner would influence on-line perspective-taking. Participants played a screen-based puzzle game with a computer player. In the high-coordination condition, the player presented participants with puzzle pieces that could be placed near their partner’s last piece. In the low-coordination condition, pieces could only be placed further away from their partner’s last piece. Participant’s eye movements were then measured in a referential communication task, with the partner giving the instructions, and whether possible competitor referents were in shared or privileged ground. The results demonstrate clear effects of ground and coordination. Participants in both coordination groups were sensitive to the perspective of the interlocutor. In addition, participants in the high-level coordination condition were more sensitive to statistical regularities in the input and their comprehension was more time-locked to the utterance of the speaker.
Crude oil could affect certain critical microbial processes of nitrogen cycling (N-cycling) in coastal sediments, and disturb the nitrogen balance. However, the understanding of the effects of crude oil on coastal sediments N-cycling under human disturbance was still limited. In this study, two sediments (named SY and HB with heavy and slight pollution, respectively) were sampled from Hangzhou Bay, China. After an incubation with exposure to different amounts of crude oil in above two sediments for 30 days, we found that crude oil affected microbial N-cycling in multiple levels. Potential rate measurements revealed that crude oil stimulated potential denitrification and N2O emissions in both sediments, which showed a higher influence on denitrification rates in higher concentration of oil. Quantitative PCR revealed that crude oil greatly increased abundances of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes and N-cycling genes (nirS, nosZ, nrfA, part of AOA and AOB amoA). On the other hand, only a few genes (16S rRNA and nrfA) showed higher transcriptional activities in oil-addition treatments. Results about relative changes of N-cycling genes revealed that the variations of N-cycling genes in oil-addition treatments were related to sediment types but not crude oil concentrations, and the genes in HB were more sensitive to crude oil than SY. Network analysis of N-cycling genes found that crude oil decreased the complexity of N-cycling gene networks in SY, while increased complexity in HB, and led to more competition among N-cycling microbes. Our findings help to look into the effects of crude oil on key N-cycling processes, and improve the understanding of the interactions among N-cycling under crude oil contamination.