Cooking has been proven to be a significant source of primary organic aerosol, especially in megacities. However, the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from cooking emissions is still poorly understood. In this work, four prevalent Chinese domestic cooking types involving complicated cuisines and various cooking methods were chosen to conduct a lab simulation for SOA formation using a Gothenburg potential aerosol mass reactor (Go: PAM). After samples had been aged under OH exposures of 4.3–27.1 × 1010 molecules cm–3 s, the domestic cooking SOA was characterized by mass growth potentialities (1.81–3.16), elemental ratios (O/C = 0.29–0.41), and mass spectra. Compared with other organic aerosol (OA), domestic cooking SOA is a kind of less oxidized oxygenated OA (LO-OOA) with a unique oxidation pathway (alcohol/peroxide pathway) and mass spectra (characteristic peaks at m/z 28, 29, 41, 43, 44, 55, and 57). This study is expected to identify the cooking SOA under actual cooking conditions, which could contribute to the formulation of pollution source control as well as the health risk assessment of exposure to cooking fumes.
Membrane separation has enjoyed tremendous advances in relevant material and engineering sciences, making it the fastest growing technology in water treatment. Although membranes as a broad-spectrum physical barrier have great advantages over conventional treatment processes in a myriad of applications, the need for higher selectivity and specificity in membrane separation is rising as we move to target contaminants at trace concentrations and to recover valuable chemicals from wastewater with low energy consumption. In this review, we discuss the drivers, fundamental science, and potential enabling materials for high selectivity membranes, as well as their applications in different water treatment processes. Membrane materials and processes that show promise to achieve high selectivity for water, ions, and small molecules—as well as the mechanisms involved—are highlighted. We further identify practical needs, knowledge gaps, and technological barriers in both material development and process design for high selectivity membrane processes. Finally, we discuss research priorities in the context of existing and future water supply paradigms.
Huang Y, Mill L, Stoll R, Kling L, Aust O, Wagner F, Grüneboom A, Schett G, Christiansen S, Maier A. Semi-permeable filters for interior region of interest dose reduction in X-ray microscopy, in Bildverarbeitung für die Medizin 2021: Proceedings, German Workshop on Medical Image Computing, Regensburg, March 7-9, 2021. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Wiesbaden; 2021:61–66.