科研成果

Singlet oxygen (1O2) plays a crucial role in Fenton-like reactions due to its high efficiency and selectivity in removing trace organic pollutants from complex water matrices. Defect engineering, which allows the efficient exposure of active sites and optimization of electronic structures, has rapidly emerged as a fundamental strategy for enhancing 1O2 yield. Herein, we introduce tunable sulfur vacancy (VS) density into Co9S8 catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The modulation of the octahedral Co (CoS6) and tetrahedral Co (CoS4) electronic structures by VS triggers the unexpected selective generation of 1O2. The VS/PMS system exhibits excellent resistance to interference and highly selective degradation of electron-donating organic pollutants. Experimental and theoretical calculations revealed a new evolutionary route for 1O2 involving two phases (Phase I: HSO5− → *O, Phase II: *O + HSO5− →*OO → 1O2). This study provides a molecular-level understanding of VS-mediated catalytic selectivity for high-efficient decontamination applications.

In this work, the different selectivity of SO4•- and •OH towards municipal solid waste incineration leachates (MSWILs) was studied by a comparative study of UV/persulfate (PS) and UV/H2O2. Results showed SO4•- preferentially mineralized carbon atoms of higher average oxidation state, while •OH showed a two-stage mechanism of partial oxidation and mineralization successively. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis showed SO4•- had superior selectivity towards MSWILs than •OH, and Fe(II) would significantly affect the selectivity via forming Fe-MSWILs complex. As the consequence, Fe(II) showed slightly negative effect on UV/PS, but greatly enhanced the performance of UV/H2O2/Fe(II). High concentration of Cl- affected the degradation of non-fluorescent substances by UV/PS, while SO42- and NO3- showed no effect. In contrast, anions showed no effect on UV/H2O2. In addition, •OH preferentially attacked large molecules, but SO4•- showed no selectivity. This study further revealed the selectivity of SO4•- and •OH in the treatment of hypersaline wastewater, and provided theoretical support for the development of targeted technology.

Abstract We present a novel and effective photocatalytic method for the methylation of ?-diketones with controllable degrees of deuterium incorporation via development of new methyl sources. By utilizing a methylamine-water system as the methyl precursor and a cascade assembly strategy for deuteration degree control, we synthesized methylated compounds with varying degrees of deuterium incorporation, showcasing the versatility of this approach. We examined a range of ?-diketone substrates and synthesized key intermediates for drug and bioactive compounds with varying degrees of deuterium incorporation, ranging from 0 to 3. We also investigated and discussed the postulated reaction pathway. This work demonstrates the utility of readily available reagents, methylamines and water, as a new methyl source, and provides a simple and efficient strategy for the synthesis of degree-controllable deuterium-labelled compounds.

Hydroxyl radical (•OH) and sulfate radical (SO4•−) produced in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been widely studied for organic contaminants degradation, however, the different radical characteristics and reaction mechanisms on organics degradation are still needed. In this study, a homogeneous Co(II)/peroxymonosulfate activation system was established for caffeine (CAF) degradation, and pH was controlled to regulate the radicals production. The different attack routes driven by SO4•− and •OH were deeply explored by transformation products (TPs) identification and theoretical calculations. Specifically, a method on dynamic electronic structure analysis of reactants (R), transition state (TS) and intermediates (IMs) during reaction was proposed, which was applied to elucidate the underlying mechanism of CAF oxidation by •OH and SO4•− at the molecular orbital level. In total, SO4•− is kinetically more likely to attack CAF than •OH due to its higher oxidation potential and electrophilicity index. Single electron transfer reaction (SET) is only favorable for SO4•−due to its higher electron affinity than •OH, while only •OH can react with CAF via hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) route. Radical adduct formation (RAF) is the most favorable route for both •OH and SO4•− attack according to both kinetics and thermodynamics results. These findings can significantly promote the understanding on the degradation mechanism of organic pollutants driven by •OH and SO4•− in AOPs.

This paper reviews current progress and future challenges of digital technology applications for energy system transition in the context of net-zero. A list of case studies for such digitization enabled optimal design and operation of energy systems at various temporal and spatial scales are reviewed in the paper, including model predictive control, enterprise-wide optimization, eco-industrial park data management, and smart city. The key technological innovations across these applications, such as virtual representation of physical entities, ontological knowledge base, data-driven high dimensional surrogate model based parameterization are also inspected in the paper. Future challenges in terms of data privacy and security are also discussed as potential barriers for digitalization enabled net-zero energy system transition.

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a mature heavy oil thermal recovery technology but inherently limited to low recovery efficiency at mid-late stage due to the increasing heat loss in the steam chamber. Here, the dimethyl ether (DME)-assisted SAGD technology and its relevant transport and interfacial properties are specifically investigated through physical 2D heavy oil simulation. A total of four-set physical experiments, with different DME injection ratios, were conducted and compared with the traditional SAGD. The experimental results indicate DME is capable of reducing the heavy oil’s viscosity and interfacial tension at high temperatures. Three stages, rising, lateral expansion, and descending stages, are determined in the SAGD steam chamber’s development; the mid-late SAGD stage is defined when the steam chamber extends to the caprock boundary. With DME additions at the mid-late SAGD stage, higher oil recovery factor and sweep efficiency could be reached and the dew point temperature of steam chamber’s lead decreases by 0.7–1.8 °C. The optimum gas–water ratio is determined to be 3:1, with the fastest oil recovery growth and the highest final cumulative oil-vapor ratio of 0.163. This study provides reliable experimental bases and valuable analyses for the DME-SAGD technology and its application in heavy oil reservoirs.

Over the past 40 years, global tertiary expansion has been driven in part by the rise of the non-university sector. The growth of this sector, which includes vocational colleges, also contributes to increasingly diverse national higher education systems. Prior research has focused on inter-state variation in national systems, while very few studies have explored intra-state variation in the expansion of non-university sector. Building on the policy innovation and diffusion model, this study uses event history analysis to investigate key drivers behind Chinese prefecture cities' adoption of vocational colleges during the latest tertiary education expansion. The study employs a rich panel dataset from 273 Chinese cities between 2000 and 2014. Findings suggest that the socioeconomic and the politico-institutional contexts matter the most for cities' policy adoption, and the influence of policy diffusion is negative but not significant. Moreover, there is substantial heterogeneity across time and region. The characteristics of early adopters significantly differ from those of late adopters, and the diffusion paths vary within and across regions. This study illustrates that the emergence of sub-national government affiliated non-university institutions is driven by a complex combination of socioeconomic, politico-institutional, and policy forces. Results highlight the regional contextual factors that may override coercive pressure from national strategies to promote the non-university sector expansion and the structural diversity in the context of less developed economies.

Previous studies on the determinants of household tourism expenditure have assumed that households independently determine their tourism expenditure. However, the possible influence of neighbours on tourism expenditure has been overlooked. This study is the first to apply spatial lag analysis to investigate the neighbour effect in the determination of rural household tourism expenditure. The results indicate that there is a significant neighbour effect on the tourism expenditure of rural households. This neighbour effect varies by region and by household head attributes. This paper suggests that the neighbour effect does help to explain household tourism consumption in rural areas.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using sterically hindered amine is extensively applied to detect singlet oxygen (1O2) possibly generated in advanced oxidation processes. However, EPR-detectable 1O2 signals were observed in not only the 1O2-dominated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/hypochlorite (NaClO) reaction but surprisingly also the 1O2-absent Fe(II)/H2O2, UV/H2O2, and ferrate [Fe(VI)] process with even stronger intensities. By taking advantage of the characteristic reaction between 1O2 and 9,10-diphenyl-anthracene and near-infrared phosphorescent emission of 1O2, 1O2 was excluded in the Fe(II)/H2O2, UV/H2O2, and Fe(VI) process. The false detection of 1O2 was ascribed to the direct oxidation of hindered amine to piperidyl radical by reactive species [e.g., •OH and Fe(VI)/Fe(V)/Fe(IV)] via hydrogen transfer, followed by molecular oxygen addition (forming a piperidylperoxyl radical) and back reaction with piperidyl radical to generate a nitroxide radical, as evidenced by the successful identification of a piperidyl radical intermediate at 100 K and theoretical calculations. Moreover, compared to the highly oxidative species (e.g., •OH and high-valence Fe), the much lower reactivity of 1O2 and the profound nonradiative relaxation of 1O2 in H2O resulted it too selective and inefficient in organic contaminant destruction. This study demonstrated that EPR-based 1O2 detection could be remarkably misled by common oxidative species and thereby jeopardize the understandings on 1O2.

This research develops a spatial analytical framework to investigate the spatial distribution and dynamic evolution of academic patent commercialization. The results showed that the gravity center of academic patents commercialization in China shifted from southwest to northeast from 2010 to 2019, showing the characteristics of alternating spatial convergence and spatial divergence. Moreover, economic development will promote the centralization of the commercialization of academic patents, while local fiscal science and technology expenditure, development of local public libraries, regional urbanization and traffic decentralization will promote the decentralization of the commercialization of academic patents. Those findings affirm that spatial convergence or divergence of academic patent commercialization is the dynamic result of the contrast between the two forces of centralization and decentralization. This study provides an analytical framework for scholars to explore the dynamic spatial pattern evolution of academic patent commercialization.