<正> 《建立 CEO 资本》是国际知名的公关公司博雅公司(Burson-Marsteller)的一项研究的名称。这项研究从1997年开始,不断通过对有影响力的商业人士的调查,关注 CEO 及其领导的企业的声誉。最新一次的调查显示,CEO 的表现和企业声誉之间的直接关联度有上升的趋势:1997年,商业人士认为一家公司的声誉有40名依靠其 CEO 的个人声望;这一比例在1999年为45%,2001年升至48%,到2003年更达到50%。在泡沫经济破裂和"后安然"的时代里,我们见证了太多CEO 的命运沉浮,但 CEO 表现的好坏决定了企业一半的声誉。博雅的全球 CEO 科米萨耶夫斯基(Komisajerevsky)说:"在充满不确定因素的经济环境中,我们的研究发现,CEO 的声誉比以往更
From 13 August-1 September 2001, a number of gaseous chemical compounds were measured at three sites in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia: (1) Slocan-in the city of Vancouver; (2) Langley-in a rural, agricultural area about 35 km southeast of Vancouver; and (3) Sumas-about 65 km inland on a forested mountain (300m asl). Although the Langley and Sumas sites were located away from major emission sources, CO, NOx and NOy mixing ratios indicate that these sites were often impacted by anthropogenic emissions. At Langley and Slocan, NO and CO mixing ratios were highest between 0400-0700 PDT (UT=PDT-8h) due to the buildup of fresh vehicular emissions under a nocturnal inversion. At the elevated Sumas site, during the growth of the boundary layer, upward mixing of fresh emissions was observed, delayed by 3 h compared to the other two sites. NOx was the largest component of NOy at Langley and Sumas, averaging 75-80%. At Langley, the HNO3 fraction of NOy during the afternoon ranged from 15% to 28%, compared to <10% at the other two sites. PAN was significantly lower than HNO3 at <5% of NOy at all three sites. The sum of all individual nitrogen oxide species, SigmaNO(yi) accounted for 85% and 93% of NOy on average at Langley and Sumas, respectively. The chemical age was estimated at the three sites using the ratio (HONO+HNO3+PAN)/NOy. The daytime (1400-1800 PDT) ratios at Langley (0.19-0.40) were higher than those at either Slocan (0.04-0.12) or Sumas (0.09-0.19), mainly driven by higher HNO3 contributions to NOy. The higher ratios at Langley suggest that the extent of processing in air masses at the site during the daytime was greater than at Slocan or Sumas. At Sumas, the elevated nighttime ratios (0.05-0.29) were attributed to transport of more aged air masses to the site and the contribution of HNO3 from N2O5 hydrolysis. O-3 was only weakly correlated with the oxidation products of NOx at Langley (m = 2.5 +/- 9.1) and Sumas (m = 7.3 +/- 8.2). Meteorological conditions (lower radiation levels, cooler temperatures) were not favourable for photochemical pollutant processing. The dominant NOx fraction of NOy (see Section 3.2.1) clearly shows that most of the oxidized nitrogen remained in the form of NOx with very limited chemical processing and relatively low O-3 levels. Crown Copyright (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Two Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) were deployed at three sites representing urban, semi-rural and rural areas during the Pacific 2001 experiment in the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV), British Columbia, Canada in August 2001. The AMS provides on-line quantitative measurements of the size and chemical composition of the non-refractory fraction of submicron aerosol particles. A significant accumulation mode with a peak around 400-500 nm was observed at all sites that was principally composed of sulphate, organics, ammonium and some nitrate. Another significant mode with a peak below 200 nm was also observed at the urban site and when urban plumes affected the other sites. This paper focuses on the variability of the organic particulate composition and size distribution as a function of location and photochemical activity with a particular emphasis on the urban and rural areas. The small organic mode at the urban site was well correlated with gas phase CO, 1,3-butadiene, benzene and toluene with Pearson's r values of 0.76, 0.71, 0.79 and 0.69, respectively, suggesting that combustion-related emissions are likely to be the main source of the small organic mode at this site. The mass spectra of the urban organic particulate are similar to those of internal combustion engine lubricating oil, and of diesel exhaust aerosol particles, implying that they were composed of a mixture of n-alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. In contrast, organic particulate at the rural site was dominated by shorter chain oxidized organic compounds. Correlations between the two organic modes and gas phase compounds at the rural site indicated that a significant part of the small mode originated from combustion sources, while the large accumulation organic mode appeared to be the result of photochemical processing. Processing of organic particulate during a relatively high O-3 episode at the rural site appeared to increase the modal diameter of the accumulation mode from about 400 to 600 nm and almost doubled its mass loading. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In order to characterize sources of fine carbonaceous aerosols, PM2.5 aerosols were sampled at 5 sites in forest, tunnel, urban, rural., and forest/urban areas in the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) during the Pacific 2001 Air Quality Study. All sample filters were analyzed for cis-pinonic acid and n-fatty acids. cis-Pinonic acid varied from 0.6-46.5 ng m(-3) at the sites in the forest, rural and forest/urban mixing area, and was low, from < detection limit to 6.5 ng m(-3) at the tunnel and 0.3 to 20.4 ng m(-3) at the urban site. It showed consistent day-night differences at all locations, and was linearly correlated with alpha-pinene in forest areas. At the elevated mixing forest/urban site, the day-night pattern showed evidence of nighttime source of the acid. Straight-chain n-fatty acids on the aerosols showed evidence of the light-duty automobile source at the tunnel, with the highest concentration of all sites and a carbon number distribution with low CPI values. In the forest, the acids were the second highest of all sites, and the CPI value for the acids was the highest of all sites, indicating direct forest emissions. At other locations the n-fatty acids showed impacts from these sources, judging from the carbon number distributions. At the urban sites, there was evidence of meat cooking emissions contribution to the n-fatty acids. It was found that unsaturated n-fatty acids may be used as an indicator of the apparent ``age'' of the acids in aerosols, and that a photochemical half-life of 5 h was derived based on the comparison of the day and nighttime C-18:1/C-18:0 ratios at the sites. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Measurements of a number of aerosol properties and trace gases were conducted at Golden Ears Provincial Park (GE park), near the town of Maple Ridge, B.C., Canada from 6th to 11th of August 2001, just prior to the beginning of the main Pacific 2001 study. The measurements were intended to help with the characterization of the particulate matter (PM) in the forest that borders the northern side of the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV). The concentrations of inorganic ions in the particles decreased after 8th August, while the organic mass concentrations in the particles increased after 8th August. Throughout the study, organic carbon (OC) was the single highest component of the aerosol, and after 8th August, OC comprised about 90% of the particle composition. During the daytime, there was a clear anthropogenic influence from upslope flow driven by the sea breeze. The mixing ratio of monoterpenes increased overnight, when the winds were from the forests to the north but the cis-pinonic acid increased during the day, along with the anthropogenic tracers, suggesting that the oxidation of monoterpenes occurred with the help of anthropogenic oxidants. The particle volume data showed increases often corresponding with decreases in monoterpenes. A steady increase in particle volumes resulted from condensation of OC on the particles, and despite an increase in water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) the effectiveness of the OC at absorbing water for relative humidity (RH) values less than or equal to90% was low relative to sulphate. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
High-resolution size-resolved mass concentration of organic and inorganic species present in/on sub-micron particles measured during the PACIFIC 2001 field study in the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) are presented. The measurements of major particulate species (organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium) were made in situ and in real time at three different sites representing urban (Slocan Park), semi-rural (Sumas) and rural (Langley) areas, using two Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers (AMSs). The total non-refractory PM1.0 mass concentrations at the three sites were found to range from 0.12 to 24.50 mug m(-3), with an average concentration of 4.76 mug m(-3.) A large variability in aerosol composition was observed in the LFV, depending on meteorological conditions. Generally, during southwesterly wind conditions, inorganic species accounted for 50% of total mass loadings in the LFV, while during stagnant conditions organic species made up the majority of the particle mass. The organic aerosol species exhibit a bimodal size distribution, while the inorganic species are in most cases confined to the accumulation mode centered around 400 nm. Background sulfate levels of similar to 1 mug m(-3) were observed in the LFV during the entire campaign. Transport is found to be an important factor controlling the composition of sulfate in the LFV. Several photochemical events leading to the observation of substantial increases of sulfate in the LFV were also identified. Many of these events involve sulfate-dominated growth of small particles and appear to occur on a regional scale within the LFV. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.