@article {LIU2018181,
	title = {Statistical grid nanoindentation analysis to estimate macro-mechanical properties of the Bakken Shale},
	journal = {Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {181-190},
	abstract = {Retrieving standard sized core plugs to perform conventional geomechanical testing on organic rich shale samples can be very challenging. This is due to unavailability of inch-size core plugs or difficulties in the coring process. In order to overcome these issues, statistical grid nanoindentation method was applied to analyze mechanical properties of the Bakken. Then the Mori-Tanaka scheme was carried out to homogenize the elastic properties of the samples and upscale the nanoindentation data to the macroscale. To verify these procedures, the results were compared with unconfined compression test data. The results showed that the surveyed surface which was 300 μm {\texttimes}300 μm is larger than the representative elementary area (REA) and can be used safely as the nanoindentation grid area. Three different mechanical phases and the corresponding percentages can be derived from the grid nanoindentation through deconvolution of the data. It was found that the mechanical phase which has the smallest mean Young\&$\#$039;s modulus represents soft materials (mainly clay and organic matter) while the mechanical phases with the largest mean Young\&$\#$039;s modulus denote hard minerals. The mechanical properties (Young\&$\#$039;s modulus and hardness) of the samples in X-1 direction (perpendicular to the bedding line) was measured smaller than X-3 direction (parallel to the bedding line) which reflected mechanical anisotropy. The discrepancy between the macromechanical modulus from the homogenization and unconfined compression test was less than 15\% which was acceptable. Finally, we showed that homogenization provides more accurate upscaling results compared to the common averaging method.},
	keywords = {Deconvolution, Grid nanoindentation, Macro-scale homogenization, REA},
	issn = {1875-5100},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.03.005},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510018301203},
	author = {Kouqi Liu and Mehdi Ostadhassan and Bailey Bubach and Kegang Ling and Behzad Tokhmechi and Dietrich Robert}
}
