@article {LIU201932,
	title = {Image analysis of the pore structures: An intensive study for Middle Bakken},
	journal = {Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {32-45},
	abstract = {Pores with sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers are widely distributed in shale gas and shale oil formations. These pores are the sites for hydrocarbon accumulation and provide the flow paths for hydrocarbons during production. The Middle Bakken member is the main production zone of the Bakken Formation in North Dakota. In order to reveal the pore structures of the Middle Bakken, we employed field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). After segmentation of the SEM images, we calculated the surface area and shape of the pores using image analysis and then quantified the complexity and heterogeneity of the pore structures by applying both fractal and multifractal analyses. Finally, we employed the fractal permeability model to estimate the permeability of the samples. The results showed that different pore types, such as interparticle and intraparticle pores exist in the Middle Bakken samples. Even under the same scale of the same sample, the pore parameters could be different. Sample 2 has the largest average porosity, followed by Sample 1 and Sample 3. The mean pore size of these samples is less than 31 nm indicating that the pores in Middle Bakken samples are very small. The pore structures in the Middle Bakken exhibited fractal and multifractal behavior. The fractal dimension from the entire size range of pores is the largest compared with the fractal dimension of the subdivided groups. The pore size distribution in Sample 2 is the most heterogeneous.},
	keywords = {Fractal, Middle bakken, Multifractal, Permeability, Pore structure},
	issn = {1875-5100},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.11.008},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510018305018},
	author = {Kouqi Liu and Mehdi Ostadhassan and Thomas Gentzis and Hallie Fowler}
}
