<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liggio, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smallwood, Gregory</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Shao-Meng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroud, Craig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Staebler, Ralf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu, Gang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, Brett</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brook, Jeffrey R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE &amp;amp; TECHNOLOGY</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAY 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4819-4828</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurements of black carbon (BC) with a high-sensitivity laser-induced incandescence (HS-LII) instrument and a single particle soot photometer (SP2) were conducted upwind, downwind, and while driving on a highway dominated by gasoline vehicles. The results are used with concurrent CO2 measurements to derive fuel-based BC emission factors for real-world average fleet and heavy-duty diesel vehicles separately. The derived emission factors from both instruments are compared, and a low SP2 bias (relative to the HS-LII) is found to be caused by a BC mass mode diameter less than 75 nm, that is most prominent with the gasoline fleet but is not present in the heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust on the highway. Results from both the LII and the SP2 demonstrate that the BC emission factors from gasoline vehicles are at least a factor of 2 higher than previous North American measurements, and a factor of 9 higher than currently used emission inventories in Canada, derived with the MOBILE 6.2C model. Conversely, the measured BC emission factor for heavy-duty diesel vehicles is in reasonable agreement with previous measurements. The results suggest that greater attention must be paid to black carbon from gasoline engines to obtain a full understanding of the impact of black carbon on air quality and climate and to devise appropriate mitigation strategies.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>