@article { ISI:A1997XX38000012,
	title = {Chemical and physical characterizations of atmospheric aerosols over southern California},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES},
	volume = {102},
	number = {D17},
	year = {1997},
	month = {SEP 20},
	pages = {21341-21353},
	abstract = {In September 1994 the chemical and physical properties of aerosol particles over southern California were characterized. Concentrations of particle chemical species were higher near the surface than at higher altitudes. In these particles, measured organic and inorganic water soluble masses were 7 +/- 1\% and 75 +/- 12\%, respectively, of the dried total particle mass (TPM). Non-sea-salt (nss) SO4=, NO3-, NH4+, and H+ were the major contributors to the mass and ionic equivalence of the particles, The ratio of the soluble organics (SumOrg) to nss SO4= was found to be a function of the TPM, which was similar to the simple relationship found over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean for altitudes \&lt;3 km. When the H+ ion was included, there was a good ionic balance between the cations and anions in the particles, The pH of the particles ranged from -2.4 to 0.20 (averaging -0.85). The particle volume size distribution dV/d log D shows distinct features according to the altitude and location of sample collection, In urban plumes, dV/d log D was significantly higher than at high altitudes and had a consistent accumulation mode peaking at 0.24 mu m. For all samples, nss SO4= and NH4+ comprised 59\% of the accumulation mode particle mass on average. Samples showed two groups with high and low NH4+/nss SO4= ratios of 0.85 and 0.01, respectively. For the first group the low ambient relative humidities indicate that NH4+ and nss SO4= were in crystallized ammonium sulfate and letovicite in equilibrium with solution, while the second group was probably close to H2SO4 droplets. On the basis of these compositions the refractive index eta was found to be about 1.5 for the first group and \&lt;1.4 for the second group. The water contents of the NH4+ - nss SO4= particles were estimated to be 35 +/- 24\%, leading to an average ratio of H2O/nss SO4= = 0.9 +/- 1.2.},
	issn = {2169-897X},
	doi = {10.1029/97JD01310},
	author = {Li, S. M. and Macdonald, A. M. and Strapp, JW and Lee, YN and X.L. Zhou}
}
