@article { ISI:000308633600003,
	title = {Measurements of Enhanced Turbulent Mixing near Highways},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY},
	volume = {51},
	number = {9},
	year = {2012},
	month = {SEP},
	pages = {1618-1632},
	abstract = {In August and September of 2010, measurements of turbulent fluxes and turbulent kinetic energy were made on highways in the Toronto area (Ontario, Canada). In situ turbulence measurements were made with a mobile laboratory while driving on the highway with traffic. Results demonstrate that the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) spectrum is significantly enhanced on and near the highway by traffic for frequencies above 0.015 Hz. The decay of TKE with distance behind vehicles is well approximated by power-law curves. The strongest increase in TKE is seen while following heavy-duty trucks, primarily for frequencies above 0.7 Hz. From these results, a parameterization of on-road TKE enhancement is developed that is based on vehicle type and traffic-flow rate. TKE with distance downwind of the highway also decays following a power law. The enhancement of roadside TKE is shown to be strongly dependent on traffic flow. The effect of vehicle-induced turbulence on vertical mixing was studied by comparing parameterized TKE enhancement with the typical TKE predictions from the Global Environmental Multiscale weather forecast to predict the potential increase in vertical diffusion that results from highway traffic. It is demonstrated that this increase in TKE by traffic may be locally significant, especially in the early morning.},
	issn = {1558-8424},
	doi = {10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0190.1},
	author = {Gordon, Mark and Staebler, Ralf M. and Liggio, John and Makar, Paul and Li, Shao-Meng and Wentzell, Jeremy and Lu, Gang and Lee, Patrick and Brook, Jeffrey R.}
}
