科研成果 by Year: 2015

According to the Montreal Protocol, China is required to phase-out hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) by 2030. Compound 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (CH3CCl2F, HCFC-141b) has an ozone depleting potential (ODP, 0.11) and global warming potential (GWP, 782), and is widely used in the polyurethane foam and solvent sectors in China. This study compiles a comprehensive emission inventory of HCFC-141b during 2000–2013 and makes a projection to 2050. Our results showed that HCFC-141b emissions in China increased from 0.8 Gg/yr (0.6 CO2-eq Tg/yr) in 2000 to 15.8 Gg/yr (12.4 CO2-eq Tg/yr) in 2013 with an accelerated growth rate. The provincial emission distribution showed that Shandong, Jiangsu, and Guangdong are key emission areas in China. A large amount of stock was retained in installed equipment, which may have an impact in the future. For future phasing-out, it was estimated that under the Montreal Planned Phase-out scenario (MPP), the accumulative reduction of HCFC-141b emissions during 2014–2050 would be 3071.0 Gg (2401.5 CO2-eq Tg) compared to that under the Business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. This study reviewed and predicted HCFC-141b emissions and their environmental impacts in China.

A 2D metastable carbon allotrope, penta-graphene, composed entirely of carbon pentagons and resembling the Cairo pentagonal tiling, is proposed. State-of-the-art theoretical calculations confirm that the new carbon polymorph is not only dynamically and mechanically stable, but also can withstand temperatures as high as 1000 K. Due to its unique atomic configuration, penta-graphene has an unusual negative Poisson’s ratio and ultrahigh ideal strength that can even outperform graphene. Furthermore, unlike graphene that needs to be functionalized for opening a band gap, penta-graphene possesses an intrinsic quasi-direct band gap as large as 3.25 eV, close to that of ZnO and GaN. Equally important, penta-graphene can be exfoliated from T12-carbon. When rolled up, it can form pentagon-based nanotubes which are semiconducting, regardless of their chirality. When stacked in different patterns, stable 3D twin structures of T12-carbon are generated with band gaps even larger than that of T12-carbon. The versatility of penta-graphene and its derivatives are expected to have broad applications in nanoelectronics and nanomechanics.

When an observer reports a letter flanked by additional letters in the visual periphery, the response errors (the crowding effect) may result from failure to recognize the target letter (recognition errors), from mislocating a correctly recognized target letter at a flanker location (target misplacement errors), or from reporting a flanker as the target letter (flanker substitution errors). Crowding can be reduced through perceptual learning. However, it is not known how perceptual learning operates to reduce crowding. In this study we trained observers with a partial-report task (Experiment 1), in which they reported the central target letter of a three-letter string presented in the visual periphery, or a whole-report task (Experiment 2), in which they reported all three letters in order. We then assessed the impact of training on recognition of both unflanked and flanked targets, with particular attention to how perceptual learning affected the types of errors. Our results show that training improved target recognition but not single-letter recognition, indicating that training indeed affected crowding. However, training did not reduce target misplacement errors or flanker substitution errors. This dissociation between target recognition and flanker substitution errors supports the view that flanker substitution may be more likely a by-product (due to response bias), rather than a cause, of crowding. Moreover, the dissociation is not consistent with hypothesized mechanisms of crowding that would predict reduced positional errors.

Phase transition in odd-N isotopes 99,101,103 Pd are investigated via the E-GOS (E-Gamma Over Spin) curves, which strongly suggest a structure evolution from vibration to rotation along the yrast lines with increasing spin. Theoretical calculations have been performed for the ground state bands of 99,101,103 Pd in the framework of the cranked shell model (CSM) and the alignment properties observed experimentally are analyzed employing this model. The results show that the phase transition in the ground state bands of 99,101,103 Pd can be interpreted as the valence nucleons start to occupy the g 9/2 proton orbitals with increasing spin which would polarize the core to a small, but rigid quadrupole deformation.

We studied the picosecond time-resolved fluorescent spectroscopy of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS), which binds to the staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) of the wild-type (WT) and the molten globule (MG) state. Three ANS emission bands at approximately 530nm, approximately 495nm, and approximately 475nm are resolved, corresponding to three ANS states: the free ANS in solution and associated form adsorbing to surface sites and binding to active sites. The surface hydrophobicity of the WT is moderate and different from the MG state, as shown both in the position of the bands and by the concentration dependent ANS fluorescent decay. For MG, the decay of two blue bands accelerated with the increment of the ANS concentration, whereas the WT did not show this dependency. However, when pdTp, an inhibitor, was attached to the active site of the MG state, band 2 decay was also independent of the ANS concentration. These results indicate that the protein hydrophobic sites have two types of interactions with ANS.

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have sparked enormous interest on nanophotonics beyond the diffraction limit for their remarkable capabilities of subwavelength confinements and strong enhancements. Due to the inherent polarization sensitivity of the SPPs [transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization], it is a great challenge to couple the s-polarized free-space light to the SPPs. Here, an ultrasmall defect aperture (<(2)/2) is designed to directionally couple both the p- and s-polarized incident beams to the single SPP mode in a broad bandwidth, which is guided by a subwavelength plasmonic waveguide. Simulations show that hot spots emerge at the sharp corners of the defect aperture when the incident beams illuminate it from the back side. The strong radiative fields from the hot spots are directionally coupled to the SPP mode because of the symmetry breaking of the defect aperture. By adjusting the structural parameters, both the unidirectional and bidirectional SPP coupling from the two orthogonal linear-polarization incident beams are experimentally demonstrated. The polarization-free coupling of the SPPs is of importance in circuits for fully optical processing of information with a deep-subwavelength footprint.

We manufactured polarizing polymer solar cells (PSCs) utilizing a liquid crystalline polymer (i.e., pol y(2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl) thieno[3,2-b] thiophene) (PBTTT)) as an electron donor material and a material that selectively absorbs polarized light. The oriented PBTTT films prepared using a self-organization process exhibited a high dichroic ratio of ca. 6.35 at the absorption peak. The polarizing PSCs based on oriented PBTTT-PC71BM photoactive layers exhibit an anisotropic photovoltaic effect under polarized illumination along the two orthogonal axes. The polarizing PSCs have a larger power conversion efficiency under parallel-polarized illumination than that of isotropic PV devices under unpolarized illumination. Based on picosecond fluorescent spectra, the parallel excitation produces a slower ground state recovery and a longer exciton lifetime than perpendicular excitation for PBTTT molecules in a uniaxially oriented arrangement. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.