Thinking tools that assist by externalizing thought processes and conceptual structures so they can be manipulated potentially improve user learning. We propose the design of a sensemaking assistant that integrates many such tools. Our design emerged from an intensive study of sensemaking by users working on real tasks, providing a link from users to developers. Sensemaking is the process of forming meaningful representations and working with them to gain understanding, possibly communicated in a report, to support planning, decision‑making, problem‑solving, and informed action. At the heart of our design is a set of tightly integrated tools for representing and manipulating a conceptual space: tools for producing and maintaining concept maps, causal maps/influence diagrams, argument maps, with support through self-organizing semantic maps, importing concepts and relationships from external Knowledge Organization Systems, and inferring connections between texts; further a tool for organizing information items (documents, text passages notes, images) linked to the concept map. The sensemaking assistant we envision guides users through the sensemaking process; for each function it suggests appropriate cognitive processes and provides tools that automate tasks. The comprehensive sensemaking model introduced in specifies functions in the iterative process of sensemaking: Task analysis and planning; Gap identification (tools for both: brainstorming, finding documents on the task); information acquisition, data seeking and structure seeking (search tool: finding databases, query expansion, passage retrieval; summarization tool); information organization, building structure, instantiating structure, information synthesis / new ideas / emerging sense (conceptual space tools mentioned above); information presentation, creating reports (from concept map to outline, guide through the writing process, analyze draft writing for coherence and clarity). The system tracks sources. Users using a sensemaking assistant may well internalize good ways for intellectual processes and good conceptual organization in addition to learning a useful application. The paper will provide some evidence from the literature and propose further testing.
The world is facing the dual challenge of closing a vast urban infrastructure financing gap and making urban infrastructure more climate resilient. As estimated by the OECD, USD 95 trillion will be required to develop transport, energy, water, and telecoms from 2016 to 2030 in developing countries. With the temperature rise, the extreme weather will have direct physical harm on infrastructure as the aging infrastructures would be vulnerable to storm surges and sea level rise. In order to keep global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, an additional 10% of investment will be needed to develop climate resilient infrastructure, adding to the USD 6.9 trillion needed per year by 2030.
Based on the concepts of “ancient China studies” and “digital humanities” (DH) in the context of China, this paper first gives a brief review on the development and practice of DH cyberinfrastructure. Under a series of reflections and a brief investigation on ancient Chinese literatures and traditional humanistic activities, this paper puts forward a new DH cyberinfrastructure conceptual model for ancient China studies that can bring people, information, and computational tools together and allow humanistic scholars to perform in a new way and with higher efficiency. On the premise of actual practices to turn a conceptual model into reality, this paper discusses DH cyberinfrastructure and the future of academic libraries.
Abstract The mechanism of aggregation-induced emission, which overcomes the common aggregation-caused quenching problem in organic optoelectronics, is revealed by monitoring the real time structural evolution and dynamics of electronic excited state with frequency and polarization resolved ultrafast UV/IR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The formation of Woodward?Hoffmann cyclic intermediates upon ultraviolet excitation is observed in dilute solutions of tetraphenylethylene and its derivatives but not in their respective solid. The ultrafast cyclization provides an efficient nonradiative relaxation pathway through crossing a conical intersection. Without such a reaction mechanism, the electronic excitation is preserved in the molecular solids and the molecule fluoresces efficiently, aided by the very slow intermolecular charge and energy transfers due to the well separated molecular packing arrangement. The mechanisms can be general for tuning the properties of chromophores in different phases for various important applications.
Over the past few decades, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has been extensively documented at different scales in natural ecosystems. Previous studies have stated that the community composition of anammox bacteria is shaped mainly by environmental factors, whereas spatial factors have been largely overlooked. This study investigated biogeographical patterns of anammox bacterial communities using 42 sediment samples along a 4300-km stretch of the Yangtze River, the longest river in Asia. A significant distance-decay relationship was observed for anammox bacterial community similarity, which was significantly influenced by mean dendritic distance rather than environmental factors. This implied that dispersal limitation plays an important role in shaping biogeographical pattern of anammox community. Furthermore, our results revealed that neutral processes played vital role in shaping community assembly of anammox bacteria, and their communities were seriously dispersal limited. These findings contrast with previous studies on community similarities between broad taxonomic groups, which are mainly determined by niche-based selection owing to greater niche distances within broad taxonomic groups than in anammox bacteria. Importantly, the slope of the distance-decay curve was much steeper than previously reported for whole bacteria, which indicating the species turnover rate of anammox bacterial community was significantly higher than that of the whole bacterial community. Anammox bacteria harbor strong adhesion ability and low dispersal potential, and ultimately exhibited a high species turnover rate. Together, in the context of biogeography, our results highlight the importance of dispersal limitation in shaping the biogeographical pattern of anammox bacterial community.
223 surface soil samples from conservation areas of the Miyun Reservoir were collected for detecting the concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues.The pollution characteristics,spatial distribution,influencing factors,origins of OCPs,and ecological risks were systematically explored.The results showed that the concentration of HCHs and DDTs in the soil samples ranged from ND to 2.10ng/g and ND to 526ng/g,respectively.The HCHs and DDTs in the Miyun reservoir presented zonal and discrete distribution characteristics,and the maximal values appeared in areas with dense population and developed agriculture.Moreover,both land use pattern and soil physical-chemical properties significantly impacted on the distribution of HCHs and DDTs.Highest concentration was found in farmland,and pH value was found to have greatest effect on the OCPs distribution.Furthermore,the OCPs residues in soils were mainly originated from the historical residues,atmospheric precipitation and recent inputs.Compared with other similar soil samples from different regions,the concentration of HCHs and DDTs in soil samples of the Miyun reservoir were at medium-low level,which suggested that HCHs and DDTs in the Miyun reservoir were in a state of low danger.以密云水库水源保护区为研究区域,对采集的223个表层土壤样品开展了有机氯农药残留浓度的测定,并对其污染特征、空间分布、影响因素、污染来源及生态风 险进行了探讨.结果表明,研究区域内HCHs和DDTs的总量变化范围分别在ND-2.10ng/g和ND-526ng/g之间,gamma-HCH、p ,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDT的检出率较高.HCHs和DDTs在空间上的分布呈现带状和离散性分布特征,浓度极值出现在人口密集和农业发达的地区. 土地利用方式和土壤理化性质均会对HCHs和DDTs的分布产生较大影响,其中耕地残留量最高,土壤pH值影响最大.HCHs和DDTs主要来源于早期残 留、大气的干湿沉降及近期的农药输入等.与国内外其他类似区域表层土壤相比,密云水库保护区土壤有机氯农药处于中等偏低水平,区域内总体生态风险较小,个 别点位可能存在潜在生态风险.
Bakken shale samples were studied for distribution of adsorbed water using low-pressure nitrogen sorption. By comparing results between dry and wet samples, the distribution of adsorbed water in shale was determined. Two of the isolated kerogen samples show a striking change of pore size distribution (PSD) in large pores (>16 nm), indicating the pronounced distribution of adsorbed water in large pores of organic matter. As for the bulk shale, water can adsorb in both small (16 nm) depending on hydrophilic sites. However, hydrophilic sites in small pores are mainly contributed by inorganic matter, while hydrophilic sites in large pores are composed of inorganic or organic matter. The overall results therefore clarify the contribution of inorganic and organic matter to water adsorption in shale and provide a better understanding of the significance of adsorbed water in shale.
