科研成果

Abstract In China, irrigation is widespread in 40.7% cropland to sustain crop yields. By its action on water cycle, irrigation affects water resources, and local climate. In this study, a new irrigation module, including flood and paddy irrigation technologies, was developed in the ORCHIDEE-CROP land surface model which describes crop phenology and growth in order to estimate irrigation demands over China from 1982 to 2014. Three simulations were performed including NI: no irrigation; IR: with irrigation limited by local water resources; and FI: with irrigation demand fulfilled. Observations and census data were used to validate the simulations. Results showed that the estimated irrigation water withdrawal (W) based on IR and FI scenarios bracket statistical W with fair spatial agreements (r = 0.68 ± 0.07; p < 0.01). Improving irrigation efficiency was found to be the dominant factor leading to the observed W decrease. By comparing simulated total water storage (TWS) with GRACE observations, we found that simulated TWS with irrigation well explained the TWS variation over China. However, our simulation overestimated the seasonality of TWS in the Yangtze River Basin due to ignoring regulation of artificial reservoirs. The observed TWS decrease in the Yellow River Basin caused by groundwater depletion was not totally captured in our simulation, but it can be inferred by combining simulated TWS with census data. Moreover, we demonstrated that land use change tended to drive W locally, but had little effect on total W over China due to water resources limitation.

{BACKGROUND: Globally, toxic metal exposures are a well-recognized risk factor for many adverse health outcomes. DNA methylation-based measures of biological aging are predictive of disease, but have poorly understood relationships with metal exposures. OBJECTIVE: We performed a pilot study examining the relationships of 24-h urine metal concentrations with three novel DNA methylation-based measures of biological aging: DNAmAge, GrimAge, and PhenoAge. METHODS: We utilized a previously established urine panel of five common metals [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and mercury (Hg)] found in a subset of the elderly US Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study cohort (N = 48). The measures of DNA methylation-based biological age were calculated using CpG sites on the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) was used to determine metals most important to the aging outcomes and the relationship of the cumulative metal mixture with the outcomes. Individual relationships of important metals with the biological aging outcomes were modeled using fully-adjusted linear models controlling for chronological age, renal function, and lifestyle/environmental factors. RESULTS: Mn was selected as important to PhenoAge. A 1 ng/mL increase in urine Mn was associated with a 9.93-year increase in PhenoAge (95%CI: 1.24, 18.61

Biofilm, community of bacteria ubiquitously present in natural environment, may interact with plastic particles and affect the transport of plastic particles in environment. The significance of biofilm (Escherichia coli) on the transport and deposition behaviors of three different sized plastic particles (0.02 μm NPs, 0.2 μm MP and 2 μm MP) were examined under both 10 mM and 50 mM NaCl solutions by comparing the breakthrough curves and retained profiles of plastic particles in bare sand versus those in biofilm-coated sand. Regardless of ionic strengths, the presence of biofilm increases the deposition of all three sized plastic particles in porous media. Via employing X-ray microtomography imaging (XMT) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM), we find that the presence of biofilm could narrow the flow path especially near to the inlet of the column and increase the surface roughness of porous media (by decreasing DLVO repulsive interaction), which contributes to the enhanced the deposition of plastic particles. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) present on the biofilm are found to contribute to the enhanced deposition of plastic particles. Packed column experiments, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) as well as parallel plate flow chamber experiments all show that three major components of EPS, proteins, polysaccharide, and humic substances all contribute to the enhanced deposition of plastic particles. O–H and N–H groups present on cell surfaces are highly likely to form hydrogen bond with plastic particles and increase the deposition plastic particles. Elution experiments show that decreasing solution ionic strength could release small portion of plastic particles from both bare and biofilm-coated sand columns especially from the segments near to the column inlet (with slighter lower percentage from biofilm-coated columns based on the total mass of retained plastics). In contrast, increasing flow rate does not obviously detach the plastic particles that already deposited onto porous media. The results of this study clearly show that the presence of biofilm in natural environment could enhance the deposition and decrease the transport of plastic particles. © 2020

In this study, natural chalcopyrite (NCP) was employed in the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for bisphenol S (BPS) degradation. Firstly, the NCP catalyst was characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) techniques. Then, several key parameters such as catalyst dosage, PMS dosage and initial pH were investigated in NCP/PMS system. Furthermore, the transformation of various free radicals (SO4•−, •OH and O2•−) with the changes of initial pH were investigated by quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) study. Also, sulfur species cycling of copper and iron species were investigated via exogenous Cu2+ and Fe3+ addition experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the result indicated that sulfur species promoted Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cu2+/Cu+ cycles on the NCP surface. Furthermore, thirteen major degradation intermediates of BPS were detected by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and density functional theory (DFT) method was used to illustrate possible reaction pathways of BPS. Finally, a reasonable reaction mechanism of NCP/PMS system for BPS degradation was proposed on the basis of the comprehensive analysis. In brief, this work helps to provide useful information for the application of natural metallic sulfide minerals in treatment of contaminated waters.