Due to the characteristics of ozone-depleting and high global warming potential, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been restricted by the Montreal Pro- tocol and its amendments over the world. Considering that China is one of the main contributors to the emission of halocarbons, a long-term atmospheric observation on major substances including CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F), HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) and HFC-134a (CH2FCF3) was conducted in five cities (Beijing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Lanzhou and Chengdu) of China during 2009–2019. The atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12, HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b all showed declining trends on the whole while those of HCFC-22 and HFC-134a were opposite. A paired sample t-test showed that the ambient mixing ratios of HCFC-22 and HFC-134a in cities were 41.9% and 25.7% higher on average than those in sub- urban areas, respectively, while the other substances did not show significant regional differences. The annual emissions of halocarbons were calculated using an interspecies correlation method and the results were generally consistent with the published estimates. Discrepancies between bottom-up inventories and the estimates in this study for CFCs emissions were found. Among the most consumed ozone depleting substances (ODSs) in China, CFCs accounted for 75.1% of the ozone depletion potential (ODP)-weighted emissions while HCFCs contributed a larger proportion (58.6%) of CO2-equivalent emissions in 2019. China’s emissions of HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b contributed the most to the global emission (17.8%–48.0%). The elimination of HCFCs in China will have a crucial impact on the HCFCs phase-out in the world.
Abstract We investigated the ice nucleation activities of humic-like substances (HULIS), an important component of organic aerosol (OA), derived from atmospheric and biomass burning aerosols, and produced from aqueous-phase chemical reactions. Respective HULIS can effectively trigger heterogeneous IN under mixed-phase cloud conditions. HULIS ice active entities (IAE) were aggregates in size between 0.02 and 0.10 μm. At −20°C, the IAE numbers per unit HULIS mass varied from 213 to 8.7 × 104 mg−1. Such results were different than those detected in aquatic humic substances (HS) from previous studies, implying using HS as surrogates may not robustly estimate the IAE concentrations in the real atmosphere. Combining the abundance of atmospheric HULIS with the present results suggests that HULIS could be an important IAE contributor in the atmosphere where other ice nucleating particle species, such as dust and biological particles, are either low in concentration or absent.
The dataset was firstly proposed in Fu et al. (2019) and further used in Fu and Chen (2020). It contains audiovisual (AV) stimuli and the corresponding EEG data collected from 16 normal-hearing subjects, for an auditory attention decoding (AAD) task. The link provides you the location of the dataset at the PKU netdisk. To download it, a password is required. The access of the dataset is generally permitted for non-commercial use by contacting the corresponding author Prof. Jing Chen (chenj@cis.pku.edu.cn). If the link was found invalid, please contact us to modify it.
Bifunctional Bi12O17Cl2/MIL-100(Fe) composite (BMx) was firstly constructed via facile ball-milling method. The optimal BM200 was highly efficient for Cr(VI) sequestration and activation of persulfate (PS) for bisphenol A (BPA) decomposition under white light illumination, which was much more remarkable than the pristine MIL-100(Fe) and Bi12O17Cl2, respectively. Furthermore, the photocatalytic reduction efficiency can be significantly improved via the addition of some green small organic acids (SOAs). As well, the BPA degradation can be achieved over an extensive initial pH range of 3.0–11.0. When the PS concentration increased to more than 2.0 mM, the BPA degradation efficiency decreased due to the SO4−• self-scavenging effect. It was also found that the co-existence of inorganic anions like H2PO4−, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl− and NO3− could decelerate the BPA degradation. The excellent photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction and persulfate activation performances originated from both MIL-100(Fe) with excellent PS activation ability and Bi12O17Cl2 with a favorable band position, which not only enabled the efficient separation of charges but also accelerated the formation of SO4−• radicals. The BM200 displayed prominent stability and recyclability. More importantly, the credible degradation pathway was proposed based on UHPLC-MS analysis and DFT calculation. This research revealed that the Fe-based MOFs/bismuth-rich bismuth oxyhalides (BixOyXz, X = Cl, Br and I) composites possessed great potential in wastewater remediation.
The controlled synthesis of calcium carbonate particles surface-functionalized with azido groups and its subsequent copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions with organocatalysts bearing alkyne anchors allowed the preparation of novel catalytic materials. A calcium carbonate-supported α,α-diarylprolinol silyl ether prepared in this manner catalyzes Michael addition of aldehydes to trans-β-nitrostyrenes with very high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. The immobilized catalyst can be recovered by simple decantation and reused. In addition, this heterogeneous catalytic system can also be adapted to continuous-flow operation, affording a five-fold productivity increase in comparison with the batch process.
Compared with previous studies focused on the effect of CNTs or antibiotics on aquatic organisms, our efforts were mainly devoted to the combined effect of CNTs and antibiotics on cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to reveal the influencing mechanism of CNTs on the toxicity of antibiotics. CNTs exhibited an additive effect with CAP but an antagonistic effect with TC. Moreover, this study provides direct evidence for the molecular mechanisms of proteomic perturbations in Synechocystis sp. exposed to CNTs and/or antibiotics. This study provides a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of combined toxicity of multiple pollutants to cyanobacterium.
On-chip tunneling electron sources have wide potential applications in miniature vacuum electronic devices, and emission efficiency is one of their performance benchmarks. A cascade electron source (CES) based on series metal–insulator–metal horizontal tunneling junctions (HTJs) is proposed, where free electrons are additively extracted from each tunneling junction. A CES with $n$ HTJs shows a theoretical emission efficiency of approximately $η ( n )=1-( 1-η _0 )^n$ , with $η _0$ being the efficiency of a single tunneling junction. Experimentally, a CES with three Si–SiOx–Si tunneling junctions is demonstrated, achieving an emission efficiency of as high as 47.6%. This work provides a new way of realizing highly efficient on-chip tunneling electron sources.