Inorganic superionic conductors possess high ionic conductivity and excellent thermal stability but their poor interfacial compatibility with lithium metal electrodes precludes application in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Here we report a LaCl3-based lithium superionic conductor possessing excellent interfacial compatibility with lithium metal electrodes. In contrast to a Li3MCl6 (M = Y, In, Sc and Ho) electrolyte lattice, the UCl3-type LaCl3 lattice has large, one-dimensional channels for rapid Li+ conduction, interconnected by La vacancies via Ta doping and resulting in a three-dimensional Li+ migration network. The optimized Li0.388Ta0.238La0.475Cl3 electrolyte exhibits Li+ conductivity of 3.02 mS cm−1 at 30 °C and a low activation energy of 0.197 eV. It also generates a gradient interfacial passivation layer to stabilize the Li metal electrode for long-term cycling of a Li–Li symmetric cell (1 mAh cm−2) for more than 5,000 h. When directly coupled with an uncoated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode and bare Li metal anode, the Li0.388Ta0.238La0.475Cl3 electrolyte enables a solid battery to run for more than 100 cycles with a cutoff voltage of 4.35 V and areal capacity of more than 1 mAh cm−2. We also demonstrate rapid Li+ conduction in lanthanide metal chlorides (LnCl3; Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm and Gd), suggesting that the LnCl3 solid electrolyte system could provide further developments in conductivity and utility.
Lexical databases are essential tools for studies on language processing and acquisition. Most previous Chinese lexical databases have focused on materials for adults, yet little is known about reading materials for children and how lexical properties from these materials affect children’s reading comprehension. In the present study, we provided the first large database of 2999 Chinese characters and 2182 words collected from the official textbooks recently issued by the Ministry of Education (MOE) of the People’s Republic of China for most elementary schools in Mainland China, as well as norms from both school-aged children and adults. The database incorporates key orthographic, phonological, and semantic factors from these lexical units. A word-naming task was used to investigate the effects of these factors in character and word processing in both adults and children. The results suggest that: (1) as the grade level increases, visual complexity of those characters and words increases whereas semantic richness and frequency decreases; (2) the effects of lexical predictors on processing both characters and words vary across children and adults; (3) the effect of age of acquisition shows different patterns on character and word-naming performance. The database is available on Open Science Framework (OSF) (https://osf.io/ynk8c/?view_only=5186bd68549340bd923e9b6531d2c820) for future studies on Chinese language development.
Shale is featured by nanometer pores and ultralow permeability. Enhancing shale oil recovery after primary production is challenging as a result of the low injectivity of water. CO2 could be a promising injection fluid to enhance shale oil recovery for its high mobility in porous media and mixability with hydrocarbons. Fluid behaviors in the nanometer pores of shale reservoirs deviate from those in the micrometer pores of conventional reservoirs. The previous understanding of CO2 displacement and sequestration in conventional reservoirs is not completely applicable to shale reservoirs. In this review, we analyzed research advances in CO2 interactions with reservoir fluids and shale rocks at the microscopic level. We delineated recent progress in interpreting phase behavior, mass transfer of the CO2–oil system confined in nanometer pores, and reshaping of CO2-induced mineralization in shale porous media. We also discussed limitations and future directions for studying CO2 injection in shale reservoirs, from the experimental scope, theoretical analysis, and field application.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluent often contains a significant amount of residual organic pollutants and nutrients, causing disturbance to the coastal effluent receiving areas (ERA). Microbial communities in coastal ERA sediments may benefit from the coexistence of organic pollutants and nutrients, promoting the emergence of versatile taxa that are capable of eliminating these substances simultaneously. However, the identification and exploration of versatile taxa in natural environments under anthropogenic disturbances remain largely uncharted territory. In this study, we specifically focused on the versatile taxa coupled by the degradation of aromatic compounds (ACs) and denitrification, using Hangzhou Bay in China as our study area. We explored how WWTPs effluent disturbance would affect the versatile taxa, and particularly examined the role of disturbance intensity in shaping their composition. Intriguingly, we found that versatile taxa were mainly derived from denitrifiers like Pseudomonas, suggesting the fulfilled potential of denitrifiers regarding ACs degradation. We also discovered that moderate disturbance stimulated the diversity of versatile taxa, resulting in strengthened functional redundancy. Through correlation network analysis, we further demonstrated that moderate disturbance enhanced the community-level cooperation. Thus, moderate disturbance serves as a catalyst for versatile taxa to maintain community function, making them more resilient to effluent disturbances. Additionally, we identified COD and NO3−-N concentrations as significant environmental factors influencing the versatile taxa. Overall, our findings reveal the role of effluent disturbances in the promotion of versatile taxa, and highlight moderate disturbance can foster more robust versatile taxa that are better equipped to handle effluent disturbances.
Sulfate radical (SO4•–)-based heterogonous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) show promising potential to degrade emerging contaminants, however, regulating the electron structure of a catalyst to promote its catalytic activity is challenging. Herein, a hybrid that consists of Co3O4−x nanocrystals decorated on urchin-like WO2.72 (Co3O4−x/WO2.72) with high-valence W and rich oxygen vacancies (OVs) used to modulate the electronic structure of Co-3d was prepared. The Co3O4−x/WO2.72 that developed exhibited high catalytic activity, activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and degrading sulfamerazine (SMR). With the use of Co3O4−x/WO2.72, 100 % degradation of SMR was achieved within 2 min, at a pH of 7, with the reaction rate constant k1 = 3.09 min−1. Both characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed the formation of OVs and the promotion of catalytic activity. The introduction of WO2.72 greatly regulated the electronic structure of Co3O4−x. Specifically, the introduction of high-valence W enabled the Co-3d band centre to be closer to the Fermi level and enhanced electrons (e–) transfer ability, while the introduction of OVs-Co in Co3O4−x promoted the activity of electrons in the Co-3d orbital and the subsequent catalytic reaction. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were identified as •OH, SO4•–, and singlet oxygen (1O2) by quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (EPR) analysis. The DFT calculation using the Fukui index indicated the reactive sites in SMR were available for an electrophilic attack, and three degradation pathways were proposed.
Abstract Climate projection requires an accurate understanding for soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and its response to warming. An emergent view considers that environmental constraints rather than chemical structure alone control SOC turnover and its temperature sensitivity (i.e., Q10), but direct long-term evidence is lacking. Here, using compound-specific radiocarbon analysis of soil profiles along a 3300-km grassland transect, we provide direct evidence for the rapid turnover of lignin-derived phenols compared with slower-cycling molecular components of SOC (i.e., long-chain lipids and black carbon). Furthermore, in contrast to the slow-cycling components whose turnover is strongly modulated by mineral association and exhibits low Q10, lignin turnover is mainly regulated by temperature and has a high Q10. Such contrasts resemble those between fast-cycling (i.e., light) and mineral-associated slow-cycling fractions from globally distributed soils. Collectively, our results suggest that warming may greatly accelerate the decomposition of lignin, especially in soils with relatively weak mineral associations.