@article {doi:10.1177/2212585X241234347,
	title = {Ability difference or gender symbolism? An empirical research on gender differences in academic career development of doctoral graduates in China},
	journal = {International Journal of Chinese Education},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {2212585X241234347},
	abstract = {The reform and opening-up of China have greatly improved the scale and quality of doctoral education for women. However, female doctors still face the {\textquotedblleft}leaky pipeline{\textquotedblright} and the {\textquotedblleft}unbreakable glass ceiling{\textquotedblright} in their development of academic careers. In this study, gender differences are investigated in doctoral graduates{\textquoteright} career choices, the level of educational institutions they attend, and their scientific research productivity after joining the institution. We analyzed the administrative data and scientific research publication information from ten years of doctoral graduates at a top research university in China. Results suggest that compared to their male counterparts, female doctors are more likely to pursue an academic career upon graduation, but they are also more likely to be employed in lower-level institutions as well as to publish Chinese scientific studies with lower influence and poorer quality. Moreover, gender differences in academic disciplines are heterogeneous. While academic career development for doctors in natural sciences is not gender-biased, female doctors in social sciences face the most significant challenges, and these results persist even after controlling for their scientific publications during graduate school. In other words, gender differences in academic career development are likely to result from gender symbols rather than differences in academic ability.},
	doi = {10.1177/2212585X241234347},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2212585X241234347},
	author = {Liping Ma and Hongbo Cai and Xiaomei Ye and Shuyi Zhao}
}
