<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SR Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. Xu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">YX Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B. Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XF Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">X.Y. Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M* Zheng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JM Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WX Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Y. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fu, P. Q.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Z. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Direct observations of organic aerosols in common wintertime hazes in North China: Insights into direct emissions from Chinese residential stoves.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Atmos. Chem. Phys.</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1259-1270</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Many studies have focused on the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles in unusually severe haze&lt;br&gt;episodes in North China instead of the more frequent and less&lt;br&gt;severe hazes. Consistent with this lack of attention, the morphology and mixing state of organic matter (OM) particles in&lt;br&gt;the frequent light and moderate (L &amp;amp; M) hazes in winter in&lt;br&gt;the North China Plain (NCP) have not been examined, even&lt;br&gt;though OM dominates these fine particles. In the present&lt;br&gt;work, morphology, mixing state, and size of organic aerosols&lt;br&gt;in the L &amp;amp; M hazes were systematically characterized using transmission electron microscopy coupled with energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and&lt;br&gt;nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometer, with the comparisons among an urban site (Jinan, S1), a mountain site&lt;br&gt;(Mt. Tai, S2), and a background island site (Changdao, S3)&lt;br&gt;in the same hazes. Based on their morphologies, the OM particles were divided into six different types: spherical (type 1),&lt;br&gt;near-spherical (type 2), irregular (type 3), domelike (type 4),&lt;br&gt;dispersed-OM (type 5), and OM-coating (type 6). In the three&lt;br&gt;sampling sites, types 1–3 of OM particles were most abundant in the L &amp;amp; M hazes and most of them were internally&lt;br&gt;mixed with non-OM particles. The abundant near-spherical&lt;br&gt;OM particles with higher sphericity and lower aspect ratio&lt;br&gt;indicate that these primary OM particles formed in the cooling process after polluted plumes were emitted from coal&lt;br&gt;combustion and biomass burning. Based on the Si-O-C ratio in OM particles, we estimated that 71 % of type 1–3 OM&lt;br&gt;particles were associated with coal combustion. Our result&lt;br&gt;suggests that coal combustion in residential stoves was a&lt;br&gt;widespread source from urban to rural areas in NCP. Average&lt;br&gt;OM thickness which correlates with the age of the air masses&lt;br&gt;in type 6 particles only slightly increased from S1 to S2 to S3,&lt;br&gt;suggesting that the L &amp;amp; M hazes were usually dry (relative&lt;br&gt;humidity &amp;lt; 60 %) with weak photochemistry and heterogeneous reactions between particles and gases. We conclude&lt;br&gt;that the direct emissions from these coal stoves without any&lt;br&gt;pollution controls in rural areas and in urban outskirts contribute large amounts of primary OM particles to the regional&lt;br&gt;L &amp;amp; M hazes in North China.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record></records></xml>