@article {LI2026125661,
	title = {Ultrafast antibiotic resistance removal from water via activation of low-dose percarbonate by bismuth oxyiodide with optimal Bi3-oxygen vacancy sites},
	journal = {Water Research},
	volume = {297},
	year = {2026},
	pages = {125661},
	abstract = {Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) pose global threats to human health and ecological safety. Activation of percarbonate (PC) by eco-friendly bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) is a promising ARB/ARGs removal technique, yet its efficiency is hindered by the insufficient exposure of reactive Bi sites. Herein, we provide a facile protocol to fabricate BiOI with remarkable PC activation efficiency (BOI-C) for the ultrafast ARB/ARGs removal via modulating reactive Bi sites through introducing optimal Bi3-oxygen vacancy (OV) sites on the unsaturated facets. We show that BOI-C with optimal amount of Bi3-OV site can efficiently activate 50 {\textmu}M PC to rapidly disinfect 7-log ARB to the limit of detection within only 4 min. Moreover, this reaction system can effectively degrade the released ARG and suppress the horizontal gene transfer process, greatly decreasing the risks of ARG dissemination. Negligible toxic halogen-containing disinfection byproducts is generated during the disinfection process, indicating the outstanding ecological safety of BOI-C/PC system. The reaction system can also effectively disinfect ARB under complex water chemistries including a broad pH range (3{\textendash}9), high ionic strengths (up to 150 mM), copresence of natural organic matter (up to 10 mg L-1), and diverse actual water samples including tap water, lake water, groundwater and aquaculture tailwater. Furthermore, it can also be assembled into a filtration system for successive ARB disinfection, demonstrating the feasibility for practical application. The catalytic system also exhibits excellent ARB disinfection performance across various bacterial strains and effective degradation performance towards different types of emerging organic pollutants, suggesting its universal decontamination capability. Combining in-situ characterizations and theoretical calculations, we reveal that Bi3-OV sites on the unsaturated facets of BOI-C facilitate the p-p interaction with peroxy O atoms of PC molecules and trigger the electron transfer as well as the subsequent cleavage of peroxy bonds, generating abundant CO3{\textbullet}- for the ultrafast ARB disinfection. The results of this study show that BOI-C/PC system can be employed to effectively remove antibiotic resistance in real water.},
	keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, Bismuth catalyst, Surface engineering, Ultrafast disinfection, Water Purification},
	issn = {0043-1354},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125661},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004313542600343X},
	author = {Li, Zhengmao and Hou, Yanghui and Fuyang Liu and Jialiang Liang and Meiping Tong}
}
