<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiong, Y. Z.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, X. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C. Yu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Location and direction specificity in motion direction learning associated with a single-level method of constant stimuli</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision Research</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec 23</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698915003661</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-15</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0960-9822 (Print)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Practice improves discrimination of many basic visual features, such as contrast, orientation, and positional offset [1-7]. Perceptual learning of many of these tasks is found to be retinal location specific, in that learning transfers little to an untrained retinal location [1, 6-8]. In most perceptual learning models, this location specificity is interpreted as a pointer to a retinotopic early visual cortical locus of learning [1, 6-11]. Alternatively, an untested hypothesis is that learning could occur in a central site, but it consists of two separate aspects: learning to discriminate a specific stimulus feature (&quot;feature learning&quot;), and learning to deal with stimulus-nonspecific factors like local noise at the stimulus location (&quot;location learning&quot;) [12]. Therefore, learning is not transferable to a new location that has never been location trained. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel double-training paradigm that employed conventional feature training (e.g., contrast) at one location, and additional training with an irrelevant feature/task (e.g., orientation) at a second location, either simultaneously or at a different time. Our results showed that this additional location training enabled a complete transfer of feature learning (e.g., contrast) to the second location. This finding challenges location specificity and its inferred cortical retinotopy as central concepts to many perceptual-learning models and suggests that perceptual learning involves higher nonretinotopic brain areas that enable location transfer.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19062277</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Journal articleCb&lt;/p&gt;</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>