@article {21048,
	title = {Eliminating Direction Specificity in Visuomotor Learning},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	volume = {36},
	number = {13},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Yin, CongBi, YuqingYu, CongWei, KunlinengResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tJ Neurosci. 2016 Mar 30;36(13):3839-47. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2712-15.2016.},
	month = {Mar 30},
	pages = {3839-47},
	edition = {2016/04/01},
	abstract = {The generalization of learning offers a unique window for investigating the nature of motor learning. Error-based motor learning reportedly cannot generalize to distant directions because the aftereffects are direction specific. This direction specificity is often regarded as evidence that motor adaptation is model-based learning, and is constrained by neuronal tuning characteristics in the primary motor cortices and the cerebellum. However, recent evidence indicates that motor adaptation also involves model-free learning and explicit strategy learning. Using rotation paradigms, here we demonstrate that savings (faster relearning), which is closely related to model-free learning and explicit strategy learning, is also direction specific. However, this new direction specificity can be abolished when the participants receive exposure to the generalization directions via an irrelevant visuomotor gain-learning task. Control evidence indicates that this exposure effect is weakened when direction error signals are absent during gain learning. Therefore, the direction specificity in visuomotor learning is not solely related to model-based learning; it may also result from the impeded expression of model-free learning and explicit strategy learning with untrained directions. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying motor learning, and may have important implications for practical applications such as motor rehabilitation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Motor learning is more useful if it generalizes to untrained scenarios when needed, especially for sports training and motor rehabilitation. However, as a form of motor learning, motor adaptation is typically direction specific. Here we first show that savings with motor adaptation, an index for model-free learning and explicit strategy learning in motor learning, is also direction specific. However, the participants{\textquoteright} additional exposure to untrained directions via an irrelevant gain-learning task can enable the complete generalization of learning. Our findings challenge existing models of motor generalization and may have important implications for practical applications.},
	keywords = {\&amp;amp;quot;Adaptation, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Female, Generalization (Psychology)/*physiology, Humans, learning specificity, Male, motor adaptation, Motor Cortex/physiology, motor generalization, motor learning, Movement/*physiology, Physiological/*physiology\&amp;amp;quot;, Psychomotor Performance/*physiology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Young Adult},
	isbn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)0270-6474 (Linking)},
	url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/36/13/3839},
	author = {Yin, C. and Bi, Y. and C. Yu and Wei, K.}
}
